Reliable and energy efficient routing protocol (REEP) for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs)

Rahman, Zaharah Abdul; Hashim, Fazirulhisyam; Othman, Mohamed; Rasid, Mohd Fadlee A.

doi:10.1109/micc.2015.7725401

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Many location free routing algorithms have been designed in a hop-by-hop decision style, with good results using only parameters relevant to the current hop, such as the neighbors' link quality or the minimum distance among potential relays, as long as the transmission power can be adjusted to save energy. Moreover, recent examples of routing protocols [25] have considered the residual energy of potential relays to decide which one will forward its data through the sink [26][27][28][29]. The objective is to select the relay with the greatest residual energy.…”

Section: The Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-Driven Data Gathering in Pure Asynchronous Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Clavero

2020

Sensors

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In underwater acoustic modem design, pure asynchrony can contribute to improved wake-up coordination, thus avoiding energy-inefficient synchronization mechanisms. Nodes are designed with a pre-receptor and an acoustically adapted Radio Frequency Identification system, which wakes up the node when it receives an external tone. The facts that no synchronism protocol is necessary and that the time between waking up and packet reception is narrow make pure asynchronism highly efficient for energy saving. However, handshaking in the Medium Control Access layer must be adapted to maintain the premise of pure asynchronism. This paper explores different models to carry out this type of adaptation, comparing them via simulation in ns-3. Moreover, because energy saving is highly important to data gathering driven by underwater vehicles, where nodes can spend long periods without connection, this paper is focused on multi-hop topologies. When a vehicle appears in a 3D scenario, it is expected to gather as much information as possible in the minimum amount of time. Vehicle appearance is the event that triggers the gathering process, not only from the nearest nodes but from every node in the 3D volume. Therefore, this paper assumes, as a requirement, a topology of at least three hops. The results show that classic handshaking will perform better than tone reservation because hidden nodes annulate the positive effect of channel reservation. However, in highly dense networks, a combination model with polling will shorten the gathering time.

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Section: The Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-Driven Data Gathering in Pure Asynchronous Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Clavero

2020

Sensors

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“…Rahman, et.al [18] proposed Reliable and Energy Efficient Protocol (REEP) where the packet forwarding is done based on the calculation of residual energy. It uses only vertical distance for calculation.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of an Optimal Distributed Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical – Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol (EEHCRP) to Minimize the Energy Consumption in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Murgod*¹,

Sundaram²

2020

IJRTE

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For ocean exploration high speed data transmission is the emergent requirement. Acoustic sensor networks are available to support large distances but with lower data rates and also consume maximum energy. Optical networks can be used to support high speed data transmission but it cannot be used for larger distances. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) suffer from large propagation delay, high bit error rates, limited bandwidth, uncontrolled node mobility, water current and limited resources. Hence there is an evolving requirement for design and use of an efficient routing protocol. In the proposed research, design of an Optimal Distributed Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical -Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol (EEHCRP) to minimize the energy consumption in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks is considered. To overcome these problems we propose an Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical-Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (EEHCRP).In this research work we study various network parameters like network throughput, network life time, average energy consumption, end to end delay and data delivery ratio for mobile nodes ranging from 50 to 500. It is observed that there is an average increase of 0.9% network throughput in the proposed EEHRCP protocol compared to CBE2R protocol. The network life time is increased to 51.2 seconds with a decrease in 0.93% of energy consumption and 0.48 % decrease in end to end delay in the proposed protocol EEHRCP compared to CBE2R protocol. There is an increase in 0.95% of data delivery ratio using the proposed EEHRCP protocol compared to E-CBCCP protocol.

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“…Node 2 adds its own information to the hello packet it receives from node 1 and broadcasts the extended hello packet. The extended hello packet now contains information about node 1 and node 2 as denoted by (1,100,7) and (2,225,4), respectively. Finally, node 3 receives the extended hello packet through the relay node B, inserts its own information and broadcasts it in the form (1, 100, 7)(2, 225, 4)(3, 350, 2).…”

Section: Determination Of Neighbors and Their Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The existing protocols that address reliability in routing for UAWSNs have several demerits [4][5][6][7]. Firstly, they do not consider the connectivity of the complete routing paths towards water surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability-Aware Cooperative Routing with Adaptive Amplification for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2019

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The protocols in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs) that address reliability in packets forwarding usually consider the connectivity of the routing paths up to one- or two-hops. Since senor nodes are connected with one another using other nodes in their neighborhood, such protocols have compromised reliability. It is because these protocols do not guarantee the presence of neighbors beyond the selected one- or two-hops for connectivity and path establishment. This is further worsened by the harshness and unpredictability of the underwater scenario. In addition, establishment of the routing paths usually requires the nodes’ undersea geographical locations, which is infeasible because currents in water cause the nodes to move from one position to another. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents two routing schemes for UAWSNs: reliability-aware routing (RAR) and reliability-aware cooperative routing with adaptive amplification (RACAA). RAR considers complete path connectivity to advance packets to sea surface. This overcomes packets loss when connectivity is not established and forwarder nodes are not available for data routing. For all the established paths, the probability of successfully transmitting data packets is calculated. This avoids the adverse channel effects. However, sea channel is unpredictable and fluctuating and its properties may change after its computation and prior to information transmission. Therefore, cooperative routing is introduced to RAR with adaptive power control of relays, which makes the RACCA protocol. In RACAA, a relay node increases its transmit power than normal when the error in the data; it receives from the sender, is more than 50 % before transferring it further to destination. This further increases the reliability when such packets are forwarded. Unlike the conventional approach, the proposed protocols are independent of knowing the geographical locations of nodes in establishing the routes, which is computationally challenging due to nodes’ movements with ocean currents and tides. Simulation results exhibit that RAR and RACAA outperform the counterpart scheme in delivering packets to the water surface.

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Reliable and energy efficient routing protocol (REEP) for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs)

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Event-Driven Data Gathering in Pure Asynchronous Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Event-Driven Data Gathering in Pure Asynchronous Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Design of an Optimal Distributed Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical – Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol (EEHCRP) to Minimize the Energy Consumption in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Reliability-Aware Cooperative Routing with Adaptive Amplification for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

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