Religious involvement in major depression: Protective or risky behavior? The relevance of bipolar spectrum

Risk factors for suicide in bipolar disorder: A systematic review

“…Table 1 provides an overview of all studies included in the final sample and of all data elements used during the data analysis process. Study designs included one case report (Kerner et al, 2013), seven transversal studies (Goldstein et al, 2012;Kheirabadi et al, 2012;Undurraga et al, 2012;De Abreu et al, 2012;Algorta et al, 2011;Evans et al, 2012;Gomes et al, 2010), nineteen cohort studies (Parmentier et al, 2012;Huber et al, 2014;Ruengorn et al, 2012;Etain et al, 2013;Cassidy, 2011;Baldessarini et al, 2012;Bellivier et al, 2011;Sears et al, 2013;Jiménez et al, 2013;Leon et al, 2012;Finseth et al, 2012;Oquendo et al, 2010;Kenneson et al, 2013;Gilbert et al, 2011;Shabani et al, 2013;Acosta et al, 2012;Song et al, 2012;Suttajit et al, 2013), and fifteen case-control studies (Eroglu et al, 2013;Antypa et al, 2013;Ryu et al, 2010;Manchia et al, 2013;Neves et al, 2010;Magno et al, 2011;Yoon et al, 2011;Arias et al, 2013;Clements et al, 2013;Kamali et al, 2012;de Moraes et al, 2013;Azorin et al, 2013;…”

“…Risk factors associated with sociodemographic components (seven studies) (Huber et al, 2014;De Abreu et al, 2012;Ruengorn et al, 2012;Algorta et al, 2011;Cassidy, 2011;Antypa et al, 2013;Ryu et al, 2010); Risk factors associated with genetic components (six studies) (Manchia et al, 2013;Sears et al, 2013;Neves et al, 2010;Magno et al, 2011;Jiménez et al, 2013;Kerner et al, 2013); Risk factors associated with Medicines and Drugs in general that interfere with bipolar disorder (eight studies) (Bellivier et al, 2011;Yoon et al, 2011;Leon et al, 2012;Arias et al, 2013;Clements et al, 2013;Finseth et al, 2012;Oquendo et al, 2010;Kenneson et al, 2013); Risk factors associated with Biological components (three studies) (Kamali et al, 2012;Evans et al, 2012;Gomes et al, 2010); Risk factors associated with Psychological causes (seven studies) (Parmentier et al, 2012;Shabani et al, 2013;Acosta et al, 2012;Song et al, 2012;Suttajit et al, 2013;Stewart et al, 2009); and Risk factors associated with components of Religious and Spiritual (three studies) components (Azorin et al, 2013;Dervic et al, 2011;. Among the 42 studies, 8 discussed about "suicide risk factors in Bipolar Affective disorder" -more broadly (Goldstein et al, 2012;Eroglu et al, 2013;Kheirabadi et al, 2012;Undurraga et al, 2012;…”

“…The current study (Azorin et al, 2013) may help understand some potential negative effects of religious involvement in depressive patients belonging to the bipolar spectrum. First of all, their findings may be in line with the hypothesis of Cruz et al (2010) that higher levels of distress as such caused by mixed episodes and/or chronic depression, would prompt patients to seek relief from religion, and therefore increase the frequency of their religious behaviors.…”

“…However, there is a lack of studies on their impact on bipolar disorder and little is known about them (Azorin et al, 2013). Dervic et al (2011) related higher score on the moral or religious objections to suicide subscale of the Reason for Living Inventory (RFLI) with fewer suicidal acts in depressed bipolar patients.…”

“…In another hand, Azorin et al (2013) identified another point of view. In their sample, Compared to Low Religious Involvement (LRI), High Religious Involvement (HRI) patients did not differ with respect to their religious affiliation but had a later age at onset of their affective illness with more hospitalizations, suicide attempts, associated hypomanic features, switches under antidepressant treatment, prescription of tricyclics, comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder, and family history of affective disorder in firstdegree relatives.…”