Remembering K. S. Krishnan (1946–2014)

Rikhy, Richa; Kumar, Vimlesh; Basole, Amit; Sanyal, Subhabrata

doi:10.3109/01677063.2014.943890

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…), but for retinal overlap there was a weakly significant correlation (Spearman’s rank, n = 29, ρ = −.371, p < .05). This is consistent with research showing that R2 neurons alone are critical for learned pattern differences [ 14 ], but not spontaneous preferences which, by contrast, seem to result from activity across all subsets of ring neurons [ 31 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Neural coding in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster: How do small neural populations support visually guided behaviours?

et al. 2017

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All organisms wishing to survive and reproduce must be able to respond adaptively to a complex, changing world. Yet the computational power available is constrained by biology and evolution, favouring mechanisms that are parsimonious yet robust. Here we investigate the information carried in small populations of visually responsive neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. These so-called ‘ring neurons’, projecting to the ellipsoid body of the central complex, are reported to be necessary for complex visual tasks such as pattern recognition and visual navigation. Recently the receptive fields of these neurons have been mapped, allowing us to investigate how well they can support such behaviours. For instance, in a simulation of classic pattern discrimination experiments, we show that the pattern of output from the ring neurons matches observed fly behaviour. However, performance of the neurons (as with flies) is not perfect and can be easily improved with the addition of extra neurons, suggesting the neurons’ receptive fields are not optimised for recognising abstract shapes, a conclusion which casts doubt on cognitive explanations of fly behaviour in pattern recognition assays. Using artificial neural networks, we then assess how easy it is to decode more general information about stimulus shape from the ring neuron population codes. We show that these neurons are well suited for encoding information about size, position and orientation, which are more relevant behavioural parameters for a fly than abstract pattern properties. This leads us to suggest that in order to understand the properties of neural systems, one must consider how perceptual circuits put information at the service of behaviour.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Neural coding in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster: How do small neural populations support visually guided behaviours?

et al. 2017

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“…Additionally, social deficits including locomotor deficiency, increased rate of habituation, hyperactivity, decreased avoidance to stress odors, and increased social space for neurobeachin loss of function mutants were also reported in drosophila models (Wise et al, 2015). …”

Section: : Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endosomal system genetics and autism spectrum disorders: A literature review

Patak

Zhang-James

Faraone

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of debilitating neurodevelopmental disorders thought to have genetic etiology, due to their high heritability. The endosomal system has become increasingly implicated in ASD pathophysiology. In an attempt to summarize the association between endosomal system genes and ASDs we performed a systematic review of the literature. We searched PubMed for relevant articles. Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) gene database was used to exclude articles regarding genes with less than minimal evidence for association with ASDs. Our search retained 55 articles reviewed in two categories: genes that regulate and genes that are regulated by the endosomal system. Our review shows that the endosomal system is a novel pathway implicated in ASDs as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders. It plays a central role in aspects of cellular physiology on which neurons and glial cells are particularly reliant, due to their unique metabolic and functional demands. The system shows potential for biomarkers and pharmacological intervention and thus more research into this pathway is warranted.

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“…The occurrence of defective autophagy in ALS was demonstrated for the first time in the last decade (Fornai et al, 2008a , b ); and it was progressively validated through a growing number of studies (Pasquali et al, 2009 ; Ferrucci et al, 2010 ; Otomo et al, 2012 ; Shimada et al, 2012 ; Wang et al, 2012 ; Castillo et al, 2013 ; Ikenaka et al, 2013 ; Barmada et al, 2014 ; Cheng et al, 2015 ; Lee et al, 2015 ; Philips and Rothstein, 2015 ; Xiao et al, 2015 ; Yang et al, 2015 ) up to the very recent confirmative work by Xie et al ( 2015a , b ). This evidence was reviewed in this issue by Ruffoli et al ( 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is in line with recent data showing that all autophagy inducers being tested so far protect in ALS experimental models. This is the case of rapamycin (Wang et al, 2012 ; Cheng et al, 2015 ), trehalose (Schaeffer et al, 2012 ; Castillo et al, 2013 ; He et al, 2015 ), resveratrol (Han et al, 2012 ), spermidine (Wang et al, 2012 ), tamoxifene (Wang et al, 2012 ), carbamazepine (Wang et al, 2012 ), valproate (Boll et al, 2014 ; Wang et al, 2015 ), histone deacetylase 6 (Chen et al, 2015 ), food starvation (Wiesner et al, 2015 ). This was also achieved by increasing expression of autophagy activating genes (Hetz et al, 2009 ; Oliván et al, 2015 ; Yang et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compartment-dependent mitochondrial alterations in experimental ALS, the effects of mitophagy and mitochondriogenesis

Natale

Lenzi

Lazzeri

et al. 2015

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by massive loss of motor neurons. Data from ALS patients and experimental models indicate that mitochondria are severely damaged within dying or spared motor neurons. Nonetheless, recent data indicate that mitochondrial preservation, although preventing motor neuron loss, fails to prolong lifespan. On the other hand, the damage to motor axons plays a pivotal role in determining both lethality and disease course. Thus, in the present article each motor neuron compartment (cell body, central, and peripheral axons) of G93A SOD-1 mice was studied concerning mitochondrial alterations as well as other intracellular structures. We could confirm the occurrence of ALS-related mitochondrial damage encompassing total swelling, matrix dilution and cristae derangement along with non-pathological variations of mitochondrial size and number. However, these alterations occur to a different extent depending on motor neuron compartment. Lithium, a well-known autophagy inducer, prevents most pathological changes. However, the efficacy of lithium varies depending on which motor neuron compartment is considered. Remarkably, some effects of lithium are also evident in wild type mice. Lithium is effective also in vitro, both in cell lines and primary cell cultures from the ventral spinal cord. In these latter cells autophagy inhibition within motor neurons in vitro reproduced ALS pathology which was reversed by lithium. Muscle and glial cells were analyzed as well. Cell pathology was mostly severe within peripheral axons and muscles of ALS mice. Remarkably, when analyzing motor axons of ALS mice a subtotal clogging of axoplasm was described for the first time, which was modified under the effects of lithium. The effects induced by lithium depend on several mechanisms such as direct mitochondrial protection, induction of mitophagy and mitochondriogenesis. In this study, mitochondriogenesis induced by lithium was confirmed in situ by a novel approach using [2-3H]-adenosine.

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Remembering K. S. Krishnan (1946–2014)

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Neural coding in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster: How do small neural populations support visually guided behaviours?

Neural coding in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster: How do small neural populations support visually guided behaviours?

Endosomal system genetics and autism spectrum disorders: A literature review

Compartment-dependent mitochondrial alterations in experimental ALS, the effects of mitophagy and mitochondriogenesis

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