Remote Sensing and Ecological Variables Related to Influenza A Prevalence and Subtype Diversity in Wild Birds in the Lluta Wetland of Northern Chile

Ruíz, Soledad; Galdames, Pablo; Baumberger, Cecilia; Gonzalez, Maria Antonieta; Rojas, Camila; Oyarzun, Cristobal; Orozco, Katherinne; Mattar, Cristián; Freiden, Pamela; Sharp, Brian; Schultz‐Cherry, Stacey; Hamilton‐West, Christopher; Jimenez‐Bluhm, Pedro

doi:10.3390/v15061241

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Further, various bird species serving as potential reservoirs, comprising both migratory and resident birds, were identified, with the Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) being a recently acknowledged host. This study highlights the Lluta wetland's significance in AIV surveillance, especially for viruses from the Northern Hemisphere [34].…”

Section: Aivs H9n2 H9n7 H3n8 H13n9 H13n8 H5n3 H13n2 H7n9mentioning

confidence: 80%

Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review

Godoy,

Oca,

Caro

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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The influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant global threat to public health and food security. Particularly concerning is the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which has spread from Europe to North and Central/South America. This review presents recent developments in IAV evolution in birds, mammals, and humans in Chile. Chile’s encounter with IAV began in 2002, with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N3 virus, derived from a unique South American low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus. In 2016–2017, LPAI H7N6 caused outbreaks in turkey, linked to wild birds in Chile and Bolivia. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus in 2009 decreased egg production in turkeys. Since 2012, diverse IAV subtypes have emerged in backyard poultry and pigs. Reassortant AIVs, incorporating genes from both North and South American isolates, have been found in wild birds since 2007. Notably, from December 2022, HPAI H5N1 was detected in wild birds, sea lions, and a human, along Chile’s north coast. It was introduced through Atlantic migratory flyways from North America. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced biosecurity on poultry farms and ongoing genomic surveillance to understand and manage AIVs in both wild and domestic bird populations in Chile.

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Section: Aivs H9n2 H9n7 H3n8 H13n9 H13n8 H5n3 H13n2 H7n9mentioning

confidence: 80%

Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review

Godoy,

Oca,

Caro

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Exposure Practices to Animal‐Origin Influenza A Virus at the Animal–Human Interface in Poultry and Swine Backyard Farms

Baumberger,

Anríquez,

Galdames

et al. 2024

Zoonoses and Public Health

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AimBackyard production systems (BPS) represent an interface of contact between people, domestic and wild animals. Studies conducted in Chile during the last decade have provided extensive evidence of influenza A virus (IAV) circulation in backyard poultry and swine. The aim of this study was to investigate exposure practices of humans to animal‐origin IAV within backyards.Methods and ResultsBackyard farmers and household members of a total of 101 BPS in the proximity of wetlands located throughout Chile were interviewed between 2021 and 2022. Data were collected on the nature of human–animal contacts through participation in productive activities conducted within backyards, which was used to estimate participants' exposure risk to animal‐origin IAV. Additionally, RT‐qPCR and serologic IAV active surveillance was carried out in backyard animals. Multilinear regression was used to identify factors associated with exposure risk. Overall, IAV prevalence was 10.1% (95% CI: 4.7%–15.5%) and seroprevalence was 43.5% (95% CI: 29.7%–54.2%), both at the BPS level. Of 180 interviewees, 86% reported participating regularly in poultry or swine exposure activities within the backyard. A greater participation of male participants was observed when evaluating swine exposure activities, while female participation was greater for some activities related to poultry handling. Handwashing was a very extended hygiene practice; however, the use of personal protective equipment was uncommon. Different factors related to participants, households and backyards were associated with an increased exposure risk of participants to animal‐origin IAV: (i) older age, (ii) less years of education, (iii) no off‐farm work, (iv) greater backyard production value and (v) greater household consumption of backyard products.ConclusionThese results indicate the circulation of IAV in BPS and the frequent human–animal contact at this interface, highlighting the need for awareness campaigns and educational programmes aimed at backyard farmers on prevention and biosecurity measures in the management of backyard animals.

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Evolution and Current Status of Inﬂuenza A Virus in Chile: A Review

Godoy,

Oca,

Caro

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly infectious virus that poses a significant threat to global public health and food supplies. The current subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV), H5N1, is being closely monitored worldwide due to its unprecedented spread from Europe to North America and now to Central and South America. This review summarizes recent updates on the evolution of the different IAV subtypes in birds and mammals including humans, in Chile. The distribution and spread of AIV H5N1 in Chile indicated a complex interplay between ecological and human factors in that it was negatively correlated with distance to the closest urban center and precipitation and temperature seasonality. It is evident that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Chile was introduced from North America via the Atlantic migratory flyways as opposed to local transmission from other countries in South America. The presence of these viruses in Chile underscores the need for increased biosecurity on poultry farms and continuous genomic surveillance approaches to understand and control AIVs in both wild and domestic bird populations in Chile.

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Remote Sensing and Ecological Variables Related to Influenza A Prevalence and Subtype Diversity in Wild Birds in the Lluta Wetland of Northern Chile

Cited by 3 publications

References 55 publications

Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review

Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review

Exposure Practices to Animal‐Origin Influenza A Virus at the Animal–Human Interface in Poultry and Swine Backyard Farms

Evolution and Current Status of Inﬂuenza A Virus in Chile: A Review

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