Remote Sensing of Spatiotemporal Changes in Wetland Geomorphology Based on Type 2 Fuzzy Sets: A Case Study of Beidagang Wetland from 1975 to 2015

Abstract

Few studies have considered the spatiotemporal changes in wetland land cover based on type 2 fuzzy sets using long-term series of remotely sensed data. This paper presents an improved interval type 2 fuzzy c-means (IT2FCM*) approach to analyse the spatial and temporal changes in the geomorphology of the Beidagang wetland in North China from 1975 to 2015 based on long-term Landsat data. Unlike traditional type 1 fuzzy c-means methods, the IT2FCM* algorithm based on interval type-2 fuzzy set has an ability to better handle the spectral uncertainty. Four indexes were adopted to validate the separability of classes with the IT2FCM* algorithm. These four validity indexes showed that IT2FCM* obtained better results than traditional methods. Additionally, the accuracy of the classification results was assessed based on the confusion matrix and kappa coefficient, which were high for the analysis of wetland landscape changes. Based on the analysis of separability of classes with the IT2FCM* algorithm using four validity indexes, the classification results, and the membership value images, the long-term series of satellite datasets were processed using the IT2FCM* method, and the study area was classified into six classes. Because water resources and vegetation are two key wetland components, the water resource dynamics and vegetation dynamics, based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were analysed in detail according to the spatiotemporal classification results. The results show that the changes in vegetation types have historically been associated with water resource variations and that water resources play an important role in the evolution of vegetation types.

Long-Term Wetland Monitoring Using the Landsat Archive: A Review

“…In the reviewed studies, 26% of wetland changes were due to a combination of several drivers (Figure 5). For example, water consumption by agriculture and industries, combined with a decrease in precipitation, resulted in a decrease in the area of wetlands in China [123]. In an arctic archipelago of Canada, climate change and the expansion of a bird species resulted in wetland degradation [46].…”

“…Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 820 10 of 27 combined with a decrease in precipitation, resulted in a decrease in the area of wetlands in China [123]. In an arctic archipelago of Canada, climate change and the expansion of a bird species resulted in wetland degradation [46].…”

Assessing Coastal Reclamation Success in the East China Coast by Using Plant Species Composition

“…In general, the succession process of the plant community in the coastal reclamation area is mostly external succession. Specifically, the dynamic conditions of the tidal flat, the elevation gradient, and the soil salinity determine the distribution and composition of the plant community [22,54,55]. Moreover, human activities resulting in different land-use types and soil physical and chemical properties are important factors affecting the growth and succession of vegetation in coastal reclamation areas [18,52,56].…”

Spatiotemporal Change and Landscape Pattern Variation of Eco-Environmental Quality in Jing-Jin-Ji Urban Agglomeration From 2001 to 2015

“…As for Region B, it belonged to the Beidagang wetland located in Tianjin city. However, in the past years, natural wetlands showed an artificialization trend, while these artificial wetlands were increasing occupied by urban sprawl [71]. Generally, during 2001~2015, notable effects have been achieved in JJJ by putting a series of environmental protection projects into practice.…”