“…Clays are a group of minerals used as raw materials in the ceramic, paper, and metal industries, in the field of pet feeding, and as adsorbents, discoloration agents, ion exchangers, supports, and catalysts. These minerals are phyllosilicates with basic building blocks of Si(O, OH) 4 tetrahedra and M(O, OH) 6 octahedra, and mostly M = Al 3+ , Mg 2+ or Fe 2+,3+ (Assila et al, 2023;Bencheqroun et al, 2019a;Schoonheydt, 1991).…”