Removal of pharmaceuticals from nitrified urine by adsorption on granular activated carbon

Köpping, Isabell; McArdell, Christa S.; Borowska, Ewa; Böhler, Marc; Udert, Kai M.

doi:10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100057

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Notably, the sealants were likely saturated with at least two compounds within the first two days after placement, indicating the potential of this technology for pharmaceutical removal from urine if challenges identified in this work can be overcome. Additional adaptations to current designs may include applications of granulated activated carbon, oxidation, or hydrolysis, as complementary technologies, recognizing that they have respective trade‐offs identified in the introduction (Ikehata et al, 2006; Köpping et al, 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of pharmaceuticals in the sealant fluids of actively used waterless urinals

Thapa

Sharma

Hanigan

2021

Water Environment Research

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Prior measurements at bench scale revealed that waterless urinal cartridges containing oily sealant fluids are capable of partitioning pharmaceuticals from urine and therefore reducing their concentration in wastewater. We sought to measure pharmaceutical removal from in‐use waterless urinals. We developed a method to quantify pharmaceuticals in the sealant phase, which resulted in 79 ± 30% and 71 ± 30% recovery of eight pharmaceuticals from two sealant fluids, respectively. The method was applied to sealant samples collected over three weeks from in‐use waterless urinals on a university campus. Six of eight pharmaceuticals were present in the sealant samples from 1.4 µg/L to 241 µg/L. Loads of the six pharmaceuticals detected in the sealants were removed from the receiving wastewater from 0.02 µg/day to 3.4 µg/day across the sampling period. The concentration of the pharmaceuticals were similar over time, indicating rapid saturation and washout of the sealant. We also observed relatively rapid loss of sealant at maintenance intervals consistent with the manufacturer's instructions. These findings indicate that while waterless urinals do remove some pharmaceuticals from the wastewater stream, meaningful changes to wastewater concentrations will only result if the sealant fluid and/or the urinal cartridge are significantly modified. Practitioner points We developed a quantification method for pharmaceuticals in oily waterless urinal sealants. Pharmaceuticals were present at relatively low concentrations in the sealant phase of two in‐use waterless urinals. We identify engineering challenges that must be overcome to meaningfully reduce pharmaceutical loads in wastewater with waterless urinals.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of pharmaceuticals in the sealant fluids of actively used waterless urinals

Thapa

Sharma

Hanigan

2021

Water Environment Research

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“…Özel-Duygan et al [95] showed that a small share of pharmaceuticals is removed during storage, some more during biological treatment, i.e., nitrification. Extensive removal below the limit of detection can be achieved with powered [95] and granulated activated carbon [96]. Further processes for pharmaceutical removal from urine are discussed in [95,96].…”

Section: Pollution Characteristics Of Human Excretamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extensive removal below the limit of detection can be achieved with powered [95] and granulated activated carbon [96]. Further processes for pharmaceutical removal from urine are discussed in [95,96]. The elimination of pharmaceuticals during thermal composting of DT contents is currently being studied, with promising indications [97,98].…”

Section: Pollution Characteristics Of Human Excretamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The elimination of pharmaceuticals during thermal composting of DT contents is currently being studied, with promising indications [97,98]. Targeted treatment of urine and feces collected in DTs will not only improve the quality of the derived fertilizers, but it will also be a more efficient way to prevent environmental pollution by pharmaceuticals, because the treatment can be more effective than in centralized wastewater treatment plants [96].…”

Section: Pollution Characteristics Of Human Excretamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Qualitative Risk Analysis for Contents of Dry Toilets Used to Produce Novel Recycling Fertilizers

Krause

Häfner

Augustin³

et al. 2021

Circ.Econ.Sust.

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Human excreta are a sustainable, economical source of nutrients, and can be used to produce recycling fertilizer for horticulture by collecting and processing the contents of dry toilets. Herein, we discuss the key categories of risk associated with the main groups of materials commonly found in dry toilets. The study was part of the development of a German product standard for marketable and quality-assured recycling fertilizers from human excreta for use in horticulture. Particular attention is paid to ensuring that the fertilizer is epidemiologically and environmentally harmless and that the quality of the recycling fertilizer is adequate in terms of low pollution and nutrient availability. In sum, the risk of transmissible human pathogens lies within the human excreta, particularly feces; plant materials added during composting are of particular phytosanitary relevance; pharmaceutical residues in excrements and chemical additives are potential sources of pollutants; non-biodegradable contaminants can cause pollution and injury; and the horticultural risks involve mainly the ammonia emission potential and in some cases the salinity effects of urine. These risks can be reduced significantly (i) with education of users around proper operation of dry toilets and the consequences of adding inappropriate waste, (ii) with facilitation of proper use with general waste bins and clear instructions, and importantly (iii) by using modern sanitization and cleaning processes and testing for harmful substances under the guidance of local laws and regulations, ensuring safe and high-quality fertilizers. In conclusion, the benefits of using dry toilet contents to produce fertilizers for use in horticulture are unquestionable. Our analysis highlights the need to support recycling optimization and awareness for the purpose of a sustainable circular economy and to minimize the risk of harm to humans and the environment overall.

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“…Among all types of adsorbents, AC is considered to be the most superior in eliminating a wide range of pollutants concerning water and wastewater treatment. These pollutants include heavy metals (Köpping et al 2020;Marwani et al 2017;Matović et al 2019;Sabela et al 2019;Zaini et al 2020), pharmaceutical residues (Bojić et al 2017;Guedidi et al 2020;Kariim et al 2020;Köpping et al 2020;, pesticides (Amézquita-Marroquín et al 2020;Gonzalez et al 2020;Marsin et al 2020;Salman 2014), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) (Guo et al 2020;Kumar et al 2019;Saad et al 2014;Sullivan et al 2019), organic compounds (Guillossou et al 2020;Jović et al 2020;Rao et al 2020;Wang et al 2016), chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) (Alhooshani 2019;Schreiter et al 2018), volatile organic compounds (VOC) (Laskar et al 2019;Pagalan Jr. et al 2020;Ushiki et al 2019;Yao et al 2020), and dyes (Belayachi et al 2019;Odogu et al 2020;Pathania et al 2017;Sivakumar et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Alpinia galangaStem Based Activated Carbon via Single-step Microwave Irradiation for Cationic Dye Removal

Ahammad¹,

Yusop²,

Din³

et al. 2021

JSM

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The focal point of this study is to synthesis Alpinia galanga Stem-based activated carbon (AGSAC) by using single-step microwave irradiation and testing it for the removal of cationic dye, methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. AGSAC was prepared under the flow of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the gasification effect. The factors of contact time (from 0 to 24 h) and initial concentration (25-300 mg/L) on the adsorption performance of AGSAC were studied. With the aid of response surface methodology (RSM) via face-centered composite design (FCD), optimum preparation conditions for AGSAC were found to be 400 W for radiation power and 4 min for activation time, respectively, which resulted in 95.67% of MB dye removal. The optimized AGSAC has a Bruneaur-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 172.19 m2/g, mesopore surface area of 103.32 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.1077 cm3/g, and fixed carbon content of 47.63%. The pore diameter of AGSAC was found to be a mesoporous type with a pore diameter of 2.50 nm. Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order were found as the best-fitted model for MB adsorption equilibrium and kinetic respectively onto prepared AGSAC. Intraparticle diffusion was found to be the rate-limiting step.

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Removal of pharmaceuticals from nitrified urine by adsorption on granular activated carbon

Cited by 44 publications

References 33 publications

Quantification of pharmaceuticals in the sealant fluids of actively used waterless urinals

Quantification of pharmaceuticals in the sealant fluids of actively used waterless urinals

Qualitative Risk Analysis for Contents of Dry Toilets Used to Produce Novel Recycling Fertilizers

Preparation of Alpinia galangaStem Based Activated Carbon via Single-step Microwave Irradiation for Cationic Dye Removal

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