Removal of Toxic Basic Fuchsin Dye from Liquids by Antibiotic Azithromycin Using Adsorption, TD-DFT Calculations, Kinetic, and Equilibrium Studies

Abstract

This work aims to study the removal of new fuchsin dye (NFD) using azithromycin (Az) by a spectrophotometric technique at two different wavelengths (547 and 286 nm), which formed the blend [Az+NFD]. Afterward, the [Az]TF, [NFD]TF, and nanoblend [Az+NFD]NB thin films were fabricated using the spin-coating technique. The models of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied to examine the experimental data of adsorption equilibrium and activation parameters. At 547 and 286 nm, the sorption capacity (q m) was determined to be 0.0095 and 0.01 mg g–1, correspondingly. The kinetic data showed that the reaction was fitted with a first-order reaction and the maximum adsorption capacity of Az at 547 nm was 0.0198 mg g–1 at 313 and 323 K, whereas at 286 nm, it was 0.0071 mg g–1 at 303 K. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°) were calculated, and the experimental results showing negative values of ΔH° at 547 and 286 nm (−33.67 and −11.22 kJ mol–1, respectively) indicate the adsorption of NFD using Az is an exothermic reaction. The negative values of ΔG° at 547 and 286 nm (−19.67 and −13.01 kJ mol–1, respectively) indicate a spontaneous reaction. The calculated time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) spectra matched the measured IR spectra precisely and corroborated the molecular structure of the tested materials. The experimental values and TD-DFT/CASTEP predictions for these properties are in great agreement. The optical (TD-DFT/CASTEP) characteristics of the [Az]Iso, [NFD]Iso, and [Az+NFD]NB gaseous phases are in close agreement with the experimental results. The greatest absorption bands for [Az]TF, [NFD]TF, and [Az+NFD]NB correspond to the π → π* electronic transition at 268, 547, and 625 nm, respectively, and the Gaussian program corresponds well with the experimental analysis for synthetic IR and molecular electrostatic potential. Optical illumination studies suggest that the nanoblend device films investigated may be employed in solar cell applications. The quantity of dye removed by Az decreases with an increase in the contact time and optimum adsorption was achieved in 4 min at 547 nm, whereas it increases with time at 286 nm and an optimum adsorption capacity was achieved in 6 min. The isolated molecule of [Az+NFD]Iso has a band gap of 2.415 eV, as determined by TD-DFT/DMol3. Thin films of thickness 100 ± 3 nm of [Az]TF, [NFD]TF, and [Az+NFD]NB via a spin-coating technique at room temperature were fabricated.

Exploring the Application and Simulated TD-DFT of Nano Hybrid Nanocomposite Bromocresol Green Derivatives Dye and Glycine with Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

“…The model used and speci cations 2b [42]. The band appears at 3199 cm − 1 , this absorption band is v attributed to the H-bonding between the (-OH) groups of the thin lm [BcG + Gly/TiO 2 ] HNC .…”

“…Fig.2a, the [BcG + Gly] HNB thin lm exhibited absorption bands at 3211 cm − 1 , which can be attributed to the presence of ο(NH 2 ). Furthermore, the characteristic bands of the nanocomposite [BcG + Gly/TiO 2 ] HNC thin lm are revealed by ATR-IR spectroscopy as shown in Fig.2b[42]. The band appears at 3199 cm − 1 , this absorption band is…”

FIA Online Spectrophotometric Determination of Total Flavonoids in Plants and Its Application for Batch Adsorption Kinetics

“…Among the various isolation techniques, adsorption technology has been considered highly effective and is commonly used due to its ease of operation and control, cost-effectiveness, high regeneration potential, insensitivity to materials, and availability of various adsorbents . Batch adsorption procedure is generally used to measure adsorption capacity and adsorption rate .…”