This editorial introduces the special issue on energy-aware manufacturing operations in the International Journal of Production Research. The 12 papers in this special issue were selected because of their high quality and also because they deal with topics related to energy-aware manufacturing operations. Three broad challenges are collectively addressed by the papers in this special issue: energy-efficiency vs. manufacturing-system effectiveness in optimisation; the volatility in energy availability, supply and cost; modelling energy consumption in varying scales and across different sub-systems. Previous global discussions about the state of the art in energy-aware manufacturing operations are provided, as well as exploratory guidelines for future research in this area.