“…3 Case studies of development interventions aiming at the adoption of off-grid RETs reported mixed outcomes, with the impact and sustainability of international programmes being inhibited by persistent resource, capacity and participation gaps (Bhattacharyya, 2012;Kruckenberg, 2015;Kumar et al, 2009;Sovacool and Drupady, 2012). North-South partnerships between organisations with complementary resources and expertise are seen as having the potential to bridge some of these gaps, and they are thought to play an important role in the creation of alternative low-carbon development pathways (Chaurey et al, 2012;Fernández-Baldor et al, 2012;Forsyth, 2012;Kruckenberg, 2015;Mallett, 2013;Morsink et al, 2011). However, it has been shown that the performance 1 The terms 'Global South'/'Southern' and 'Global North'/'Northern' refer to the inequalities existing between the Northern and Southern hemispheres.…”