Renewable Energy Water Pumping Systems Handbook; Period of Performance: April 1--September 1, 2001

Abstract

Inconvenience of equipment replacement in case of breakdowns Water pollution possibility Users credibility to the system System capacity limitations Operational inconvenience by different age-groups and gender Non-versatility (not adapted to other use, such as electricity, irrigation, etc. purpose) Time spend for fetching water Unwillingness to pay for water Land use Unfamiliarity of system Possibility of system abandoning due to the community's inability to pay for water Upland game birds Total Scores (0-5) 116 Glossary Airfoil-A blade or solid?, curved in such a way that it produces lift when placed in airflow. Alternating current (AC)-Electric current in which the direction of flow oscillates at frequent, regular intervals. Altitude-The angle between the horizon (a horizontal plane) and the sun, measured in degrees. Amorphous silicon-A thin-film PV silicon cell having no crystalline structure. Anemometer-An instrument for measuring wind speed, basically driven by drag forces of wind on small revolving cups. Annual equivalent life-cycle cost (ALCC) (annualized cost)-The equivalent annual cost of a project if the expenses are treated as being equal each year. Aquifer-A naturally occurring layer of water-bearing soil, rock, or sand. Array-A mechanically integrated configuration of PV modules and support structure designed to form a DC power-producing unit. Azimuth-Angle between true south and the point directly below the location of the sun, measured in degrees. Balance of system (BOS)-Components of a PV system other than the PV array. Battery-Two or more cells electrically connected for storing electrical energy. Battery bank-An energy storage capacity (ampere-hour). Borehole-A hole drilled through the ground to reach water. Borehole diameters vary depending on the required size of the system. Standard borehole sizes are 4-6 in. Capital cost-Initial investment of a project. Centrifugal pump-A pump that delivers water centrifugally using impellers by producing a pressure difference. Charge controller (battery charger)-A device that controls the charging rate and/or state of charge for batteries. Concentrator-An optical component of a PV array used to direct and increase the amount of incident sunlight on a solar cell. Conversion efficiency-The ratio of the electric energy produced by a PV/wind turbine to the energy from incident sunlight/wind. Crystalline silicon-A type of PV cell made from a single crystal or polycrystalline slice of silicon. 117 Current-The flow of electric charge in a conductor between two points having a difference in potential (voltage).

Solar Desalination System Design for Irrigation/Drinking Water and Electricity Generation in Desert or Arid Areas

“…2020;2(2):e200018. https://doi.org/10.20900/jsr20200018 determined to be a suitable technology for water pumping, desalination, and additional electricity generation [11,16,19]. The main water and power requirements in the project area have been identified.…”

“…(3) comparison of desalination technologies [14,15]; (4) reverse osmosis (RO) with PV [16,17]; (5) quality of the water (salinity and other aspects) and guidelines for drinking water quality [18]; (6) comparisons of different systems for pumping water [19,20]; and (7) other alternatives such as using a greenhouse. This literature has been used to inform the technical review and system development.…”

“…Mexico that also highlighted the use of PV for brackish water desalination [17]. The size of the PV array can be calculated from the following Equations [19]. The efficiency of the pump can be included in the subsystem efficiency .…”

Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System – Lebanon Case

“…Besides, at higher places there is less obstruction fro m the surrounding hills, trees and building. In fact the height is so important that alternative energy scientists and engineers are trying to use kites (due to the heights they can easily reach) to tap the wind power [5] [6]. Th is amount of radiation represents 13,000 times the present world energy use.…”

“…About 47% of all incident solar energy is reaching the top of the atmosphere. Due to the properties of the atmospheric gases, only 51% of the solar intensity on the top of the atmosphere reaches to the ground whether in a direct or unscattered way [6]. This represents 89 PW of the energy received by the earth surface.…”