Repeated high blood pressure at 6 and 11 years at the Pelotas 2004 birth cohort study

Abstract

Background We evaluated the prevalence and the factors associated with repeated high systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 6- and 11-year follow-ups of children from the Pelotas (Brazil) 2004 Birth Cohort. Methods All live births to mothers living in the urban area of Pelotas were enrolled in the cohort. Blood pressure (BP) values were transformed into Z-scores by sex, age, and height. High SBP and DBP were defined as repeated systolic and diastolic BP Z-scores on the ≥95th percentile at the two follow-ups. Prevalence (95% confidence interval) of repeated high SBP, DBP, and both (SDBP) were calculated. Associations with maternal and child characteristics were explored in crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 3182 cohort participants were analyzed. Prevalence of repeated high SBP, DBP and SDBP was 1.7% (1.2–2.1%), 2.3% (1.8–2.9%) and 1.2% (0.9–1.6%), respectively. Repeated high SBP was associated with males, gestational diabetes mellitus (2.92; 1.13–7.58) and obesity at 11 years (2.44; 1.29–4.59); while repeated high DBP was associated with females, family history of hypertension from both sides (3.95; 1.59–9.85) and gestational age < 34 weeks (4.08; 1.52–10.96). Repeated high SDBP was not associated with any of the characteristics investigated. Conclusion Prevalence of repeated high SBP, DBP, and SDBP were within the expected distribution at the population level. Nonetheless, gestational diabetes mellitus, obesity, family history of hypertension, and prematurity increased the risk of repeated high blood pressure measured at two occasions 5 years apart.

Associations of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus with alterations in cardiovascular system in early childhood

“…Numerous studies have assessed whether maternal GDM was a risk factor for offspring elevated BP, and our study is in line with those showed a positive association of GDM with childhood increased BP. 8,28 We found the HBP risks in non-GDM group was 12.2%, which was similar to a prevalence of 12.8% in 5381 Portuguese children and adolescents measured by single visit. 29 The HBP risks in GDM group was 17.4% (male: 22.6%, female: 12.9%), which was also comparable to Marion et al's study.…”

Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and offspring blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Complete data on offspring SBP were available from 20 studies [ 18 , 21 , 31 – 39 , 41 – 44 , 46 – 48 , 50 , 51 ] and on DBP from 18 studies [ 18 , 21 , 31 – 39 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 46 – 48 , 50 ]. In addition, one of the included studies [ 36 ] had two cohorts and the other one [ 42 ] included three. Apart from the data on GDM and offspring BP, authors provided separate data for T1DM in five original studies [ 39 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 50 ] and T2DM in one study [ 32 ], respectively.…”

“…17 studies were conducted on high-income countries (HICs) which accounted for the majority of participants (73.9%). Three (13.0%) studies [ 18 , 33 , 36 ] were conducted in upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), and the remaining three (7.4%) studies [ 32 , 37 , 38 ] were in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs). A description of all studies’ characteristics was provided in Table 1 .…”

“… GWHO 2013. NR Digital measurement SBP, DBP 132; 794 104 ± 8.7 63.0 ± 8.1 102.0 ± 8.9 62.0 ± 7.9 Guttier et al 2019 [ 36 ] Pelotas- Brazil Prospective cohort Data from the hospital interview and the 6- and 11 year follow-ups were used. GDM.…”

“…10 (43.5%) studies [ 18 , 31 , 32 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 48 – 51 ] reported the exposure assessed prior to outcome measurement. Eight (34.8%) studies [ 21 , 36 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 51 ] reported different levels of the exposure of interest and 12 (52.2%) studies [ 18 , 21 , 31 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 45 – 47 ] reported the repeated exposure assessment. The quality assessment of included studies is shown in Table S2, Additional file 1 .…”