Repeated pressurization as a potential cause of deterioration in virus removal by aged reverse osmosis membrane used in households

Removal of viruses from their cocktail solution by liquid-crystalline water-treatment membranes

“…Specifically, 5 μL of sample was heated at 95 °C for 5 min to extract RNA with a thermal cycler (PCR Thermal Cycler Dice Gradient, Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Japan). Note that this method can extract DNA/RNA with an efficiency comparable to that of a commercially available DNA/RNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in pure water [ 17 ]. Then, the extracts were mixed with 15 μL of reaction mix, composed of 10 μL of 2× QuantiTect Probe RT–PCR master mix (Qiagen), 0.2 μL of QuantiTect RT mix (Qiagen), 2.3 μL of Milli-Q, 1 μL each of forward and reverse primer (10 μM each) and 0.5 μL of probe (5 μM).…”

Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies

“…To the best of our knowledge, RO membrane can be applied for wastewater treatment in areas with restricted access to water with about 85% recovery efficacy for the rejection of salts, pathogens, and chemical contaminants ( King et al, 2020 ). Moreover, the membrane replacement is inevitably required after a certain number of pressurized times (about 4000 times); otherwise, the efficacy diminishes down to below the standard level of virus removal, or using a secondary treatment approach like UV irradiation may be obligatory ( Torii et al, 2019b ). Thus, a criterion, called replacement frequency, seems to be really critical for this kind of advanced treatment ( Torii et al, 2019a ; Saadati et al, 2021 ).…”

The role of wastewater treatment plants as tools for SARS-CoV-2 early detection and removal

“…Other animal coronaviruses such as the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) have also been used for testing the persistence and disinfection of human coronaviruses in water and wastewater [ 107 ]. For safety reasons some laboratories are using the enveloped bacteriophage φ6 [ [107] , [108] , [109] ], whose size is 85 nm [ 110 ], or the non-enveloped Escherichia virus MS2 [ 109 , [111] , [112] , [113] , [114] , [115] , [116] , [117] , [118] , [119] , [120] , [121] , [122] ], whose size is 26 nm [ 123 , 124 ].…”