Replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin

Russ, Suzanne L.; Carhart‐Harris, Robin; Maruyama, Geoffrey; Elliott, Melody S.

doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05279-z

Cited by 58 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…By implication, ego-dissolution phenomena are less likely to occur when personal or contextual factors hinder acceptance-promoting learning processes such as that outlined in our conceptual model. Hence, the occurrence of mystical-type experiences or oceanic boundlessness can be seen as a (massively rewarding) consequence of having learned to let go of avoidance strategies [see (90) for recent evidence supporting this view]. The observation that blissful ego-dissolution is followed by long-term reductions in psychopathology, greater well-being, and increased openness may thus, at least in part, be explained in terms of reduced avoidance.…”

Section: Examining the Role Of Ego-dissolution Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

et al. 2020

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The efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies for mental disorders has been attributed to the lasting change from experiential avoidance to acceptance that these treatments appear to facilitate. This article presents a conceptual model that specifies potential psychological mechanisms underlying such change, and that shows substantial parallels between psychedelic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy: We propose that in the carefully controlled context of psychedelic therapy as applied in contemporary clinical research, psychedelic-induced belief relaxation can increase motivation for acceptance via operant conditioning, thus engendering episodes of relatively avoidance-free exposure to greatly intensified private events. Under these unique learning conditions, relaxed avoidance-related beliefs can be exposed to corrective information and become revised accordingly, which may explain long-term increases in acceptance and corresponding reductions in psychopathology. Open research questions and implications for clinical practice are discussed.

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Section: Examining the Role Of Ego-dissolution Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

et al. 2020

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“…Although psilocybin dose is the most important determinant of the acute psychedelic experience, there is considerable inter-and intra-individual variability in subjective responses to psilocybin [55][56][57][58]. To what extend responses to psilocybin varied among studies included in our main analysis is reflected in heterogeneity parameters.…”

Section: Variability Of Subjective Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, scoring high on trait extroversion was associated with increases in visionary experience [55,63,64]. Peak or mystical-type experiences were associated with the personality traits openness [63][64][65] and optimism toward life [64] as well as being in a state of surrender [57,58].…”

Section: Variability Of Subjective Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, feeling well prepared, having a recreational intention and emotional reappraisal reduced the occurrence of challenging experiences [56,64] which were associated with preoccupation [57,58] and emotional excitability prior to the experience [55]. While there are indications that challenging experiences are also associated with trait neuroticism [63,66,67], other studies found no such association [55,56,64].…”

Section: Variability Of Subjective Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How does it feel to be on psilocybin? Dose-response relationships of subjective experiences in humans

Hirschfeld

Schmidt

2020

Preprint

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Psilocybin is the active component of magic mushrooms and is well known for its psychoactive properties. Different questionnaires have been developed to systematically quantify altered states of consciousness induced by psychoactive drugs. The aim of this study was to obtain the dose-response relationships of the subjective experiences induced by psilocybin in healthy study participants. For this purpose, we applied a linear meta-regression approach on questionnaire ratings after oral administration of psilocybin in a controlled setting. Data was obtained from The Altered States Database, which contains psychometric data extracted from peer-reviewed articles published in MEDLINE-listed journals that used standardized and validated questionnaires. Our meta-analysis included data of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30), and the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS). We used the Robust Variance Estimation Framework to obtain linear dose-response relationship estimates for each dimension of the given questionnaires. Ratings on most dimensions and subscales of the included questionnaires correlated positively with dose. Since subjective experiences are not only determined by dose, but also by individual differences and environmental factors, our results do not necessarily generalize to recreational use, as our analyses are based on data from controlled laboratory experiments. The paper at hand could serve as a general literature citation for the use of psilocybin in experimental and clinical research, especially for the comparison of expected and observed subjective drug experiences.

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“…Preconceptions in any treatment will impact its efficacy as demonstrated by the fact that the placebo effect is different across cultures and personality types (Hartogsohn, 2016). The attitudes of participants in psilocybin trials are key to successful therapeutic outcomes as participants should reportedly have a desire to improve their condition, demonstrate a “clear intention and an open, enquiring attitude” and be willing to “surrender” to the experience (Carhart‐Harris et al, 2018b; Russ, Carhart‐Harris, Maruyama, & Elliot, 2019). In addition, trait absorption which is correlated with openness to experience has been indicated as being the second strongest predictor of mystical‐type experience after drug dose (Hendricks, 2018; Studerus, Gamma, Kometer, & Vollenweider, 2012).…”

Section: Patient Applicability Of Mystical‐type Experiences In Psychomentioning

confidence: 99%

Psilocybin occasioned mystical‐type experiences

James

Robertshaw

Hoskins

et al. 2020

Human Psychopharmacology

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Objective Research into psychedelic therapy models has shown promise for the treatment of specific psychiatric conditions. Mystical‐type experiences occasioned by psilocybin have been correlated with therapeutic benefits and long‐term improvements in positive mental outlook and attitudes. This article aims to provide an overview of the topic, highlight strengths and weaknesses in current research, generate novel perspectives and discussion, and consider future avenues for research. Design This narrative review was designed to summarise and assess the state of research on psilocybin occasioned mystical‐type experiences and applications for the treatment of specific psychiatric conditions. Results Contemporary methods on the quantification of mystical‐type experiences and their acute subjective effects are discussed. Recent studies provide some understanding of the pharmacological actions of psychedelics although the neurological similarities and differences between spontaneous and psychedelic mystical‐type experiences are not well described. Applicability to modern clinical settings is assessed. Potential novel therapeutic applications include use in positive psychology interventions in healthy individuals. Conclusions Since 2006 significant advancements in understanding the therapeutic potential of psilocybin‐assisted psychotherapy have been made; however, more work is required to understand the neuromechanistic processes and applicability in modern clinical settings. Despite promising results in recent studies, funding issues for clinical trials, legal concerns and socio‐cultural resistance provide a counterpoint to experimental evidence.

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Replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin

Cited by 58 publications

References 37 publications

Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

How does it feel to be on psilocybin? Dose-response relationships of subjective experiences in humans

Psilocybin occasioned mystical‐type experiences

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