Report on the First Detection of Pectenotoxin-2, Spirolide-A and Their Derivatives in French Shellfish

Abstract

Abstract:In the context of the French Phytoplankton and Phycotoxins Monitoring Network (REPHY) programme, shellfish samples were harvested from different locations where harmful algae blooms were known to have occurred. For all shellfish samples found positive by the mouse bioassay for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to search for the following lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), azaspiracids (AZAs), yessotoxins (YTXs), spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs). In order to investigate the presence of acyl-OAs and/or acyl-DTX-1,-2 (DTX-3), alkaline hydrolysis was performed on all samples, and LC/MS analyses were carried out on the samples before and after hydrolysis. The results revealed different lipophilic toxin profiles as a function of the shellfish sampling location. The primary finding was that all of the samples contained OA and acyl-OA. In addition, other lipophilic toxins were found in shellfish samples: DTX-2, acyl-DTX-2 and SPXs (SPX-A, SPX-desMeC) on the Atlantic coast (Southern Brittany, Arcachon), and pectenotoxins (PTX-2, PTX-2-seco-acid and 7-epi-PTX-2-seco-acid) on the Mediterranean coast (Thau lagoon, the island of Corsica). This paper reports on the first detection of PTX-2, SPX-A and their derivatives in French shellfish. Mar. Drugs 2007, 5 169

Coupling theTorpedoMicroplate-Receptor Binding Assay with Mass Spectrometry to Detect Cyclic Imine Neurotoxins

“…However, mouse bioassay mortality following intraperitoneal injection with contaminated shellfish extracts forced the prophylactic closure of conchylicultural activities in Foveaux Strait (New Zealand) 8 and in Arcachon (France). 14 These events were associated with gymnodimine-A and 13-desmethyl spirolide-C, respectively. 8,14 In 2011, the European Commission regulated the use of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and mouse bioassay for monitoring internationally regulated marine biotoxins.…”

“…Gymnodimines have been detected in New Zealand, 8 Tunisia, 12 and the United States. 4 Spirolides have been reported in Canada, 9 Norway, 13 France, 14 Spain, 15 Italy, 16 Chile, 17 the United States, Denmark, and Scotland. 2 Pinnatoxins have been found in Japan, 18 China, 18 Australia, 5 New Zealand, 5 Canada, 7 and Norway.…”

Comparison of cytotoxicity among pectenotoxin-2 and other oxidized pectenotoxins in a rat myoblast cell line (L6) and a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD)

“…Many bivalve species such as the mussels Perna canaliculus and Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Suzuki et al, 2001a(Suzuki et al, , 2001bMiles et al, 2004;Amzil et al, 2007) hydrolyze PTX2 to pectenotoxin-2 seco acid (PTX2sa), which has been found to be nontoxic in a MBA and a cell cytotoxicity assay (Daiguji et al, 1998). On the other hand, the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis has a particularly unique PTX2 metabolism in which PTX2 is oxidatively metabolized to PTX1, PTX3, and PTX6 (Suzuki et al, 1998).…”

First direct fluorescence polarization assay for the detection and quantification of spirolides in mussel samples

“…However, spirolides have been detected in a great number of species and locations around the world. Apart from Canada, these toxins have been reported in USA (Gulf of Maine) [6], Spain [7], France [8], Italy [9], Scotland [10], Norway [11] and Denmark [1] and Chile [12]. Therefore, spirolides have a global distribution range and they may be a risk to human health around the world.…”