Reproduction and Breeding

Lohmiller, Jeffrey J.; Swing, Sonya P.; Hanson, Marina M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814338-4.00006-4

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Rats were bred, and the sex of the offspring was determined as previously described. 24,25 Only female offspring were examined based on our previously studies showing them to be significantly more affected than males by embryonic ethanol exposure. 2,26 Female newborn rats on postnatal day 9 (P9) or early-adolescent P30 offspring were sacrificed and perfused, and their brains were excised, fixed and frozen as previously described.…”

Section: Animals and Housingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic ethanol exposure induces ectopic Hcrt and MCH neurons outside hypothalamus in rats and zebrafish: Role in ethanol‐induced behavioural disturbances

et al. 2022

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Embryonic exposure to ethanol increases the risk for alcohol use disorder in humans and stimulates alcohol‐related behaviours in different animal models. Evidence in rats and zebrafish suggests that this phenomenon induced by ethanol at low‐moderate concentrations involves a stimulatory effect on neurogenesis and density of hypothalamic neurons expressing the peptides, hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH), known to promote alcohol consumption. Building on our report in zebrafish showing that ethanol induces ectopic expression of Hcrt neurons outside the hypothalamus, we investigated here whether embryonic ethanol exposure also induces ectopic peptide neurons in rats similar to zebrafish and affects their morphological characteristics and if these ectopic neurons are functional and have a role in the ethanol‐induced disturbances in behaviour. We demonstrate in rats that ethanol at a low‐moderate dose, in addition to increasing Hcrt and MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamus where they are normally concentrated, induces ectopic expression of these peptide neurons further anterior in the nucleus accumbens core and ventromedial caudate putamen where they have not been previously observed and causes morphological changes relative to normally located hypothalamic neurons. Similar to rats, embryonic ethanol exposure at a low‐moderate dose in zebrafish induces ectopic Hcrt neurons anterior to the hypothalamus and alters their morphology. Notably, laser ablation of these ectopic Hcrt neurons blocks the behavioural effects induced by ethanol exposure, including increased anxiety and locomotor activity. These findings suggest that the ectopic peptide neurons are functional and contribute to the ethanol‐induced behavioural disturbances related to the overconsumption of alcohol.

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Section: Animals and Housingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic ethanol exposure induces ectopic Hcrt and MCH neurons outside hypothalamus in rats and zebrafish: Role in ethanol‐induced behavioural disturbances

et al. 2022

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“…For the selection of a mating regime, it is advisable to consider three conditions of the dams: the Whitten effect (synchronised oestrus when a new male is added), the Bruce effect (delayed embryo implantation when a new male is added) and the Lee-Boot effect (absent oestrus when females are caged together). All three conditions are more pronounced with mice, while the Whitten effect is completely lacking in rats (137) . In addition, due to their prolific nature, these rodents exhibit fertile postpartum oestrus and special assistance is needed to curb overpopulation.…”

Section: Breedingmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…This distance is longer in males. (144) Also, pre-weaned male pups have undescended testes while the females have rudimentary mammae (appearing at PND 8-9) and an occluded vaginal opening. (82; 145)…”

Section: Sexing Of the Pupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rodent models of metabolic disorders: considerations for use in studies of neonatal programming

et al. 2021

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Epidemiologically, metabolic disorders have garnered much attention, perhaps due to the predominance of obesity. The early postnatal life represents a critical period for programming multifactorial metabolic disorders of adult life. Though, altricial rodents are prime subjects for investigating neonatal programming, there is still no sufficiently generalised literature on their usage and methodology. This review focuses on establishing five approach-based models of neonatal rodents adopted for studying metabolic phenotypes. Here, some modelled interventions that currently exist to avoid or prevent metabolic disorders are also highlighted. We also bring forth recommendations, guidelines, and considerations to aid research on neonatal programming. It is hoped that this provides a background to researchers focused on the aetiology, mechanisms, prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.

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“…This phase lasts around 2 days, the first day called diestrus 1 or metestrus, and the second day is diestrus 2 or just diestrus. Metestrus is also characterized by the activity of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and is cytologically characterized by nucleated and cornified cells, whereas diestrus cells consist mainly of leukocytes [ 10 , 31 , 32 ]. During proestrus, which in corresponds to the pre-ovulatory period, estradiol increases dramatically, triggers gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and induces a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary that induces ovulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the rate of orthodontic tooth movement change during the estrus cycle? A systematic review based on animal studies

et al. 2021

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Background As the fluctuation of sex hormone levels in menstruating women results in periodical effects in bone metabolism, understanding the implications for tooth movement could be of benefit to the orthodontist. This type of research presents practical and ethical problems in humans, but animal models could provide useful information. Our objective was to systematically investigate the available evidence on the question whether the rate of orthodontic tooth movement varies between the different stages of the estrus cycle in animals. Methods Unrestricted searches in 7 databases and manual searching of the reference lists in relevant studies were performed up to February 2021 (Medline [PubMed], CENTRAL [Cochrane Library; includes records from Embase, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO's ICTRP, KoreaMed, Cochrane Review Groups’ Specialized Registers, and records identified by handsearching], Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Cochrane Library], Scopus, Web of Knowledge [including Web of Science Core Collection, KCI Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, SciELO Citation Index and Zoological Record], Arab World Research Source [EBSCO] and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses [ProQuest]). Our search focused on prospective controlled animal studies, whose samples included female subjects of any species that were quantitatively comparing the amount of tooth movement in the different stages of the estrus cycle. Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data was extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool. Results From the finally assessed records, 3 studies met the inclusion criteria. Two of the studies experimented on Wistar rats, whereas the other on cats. Tooth movement was induced by expansion or coil springs. The rate of orthodontic tooth movement was increased during the stages of the estrus cycle when oestrogen and/or progesterone levels were lower. The risk of bias in the retrieved studies was assessed to be unclear. Conclusion Hormonal changes during the estrus cycle may affect the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Although these animal experiment results should be approached cautiously regarding their translational potential, it could be useful to consider the possible impact of these physiological changes in the clinical setting until more information becomes available. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42021158069).

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Reproduction and Breeding

Cited by 9 publications

References 99 publications

Embryonic ethanol exposure induces ectopic Hcrt and MCH neurons outside hypothalamus in rats and zebrafish: Role in ethanol‐induced behavioural disturbances

Embryonic ethanol exposure induces ectopic Hcrt and MCH neurons outside hypothalamus in rats and zebrafish: Role in ethanol‐induced behavioural disturbances

Rodent models of metabolic disorders: considerations for use in studies of neonatal programming

Does the rate of orthodontic tooth movement change during the estrus cycle? A systematic review based on animal studies

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