RES and ES Integration in Combination with Distribution Grid Development Using MILP

Andrychowicz, Mateusz

doi:10.3390/en14020383

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In [29], RES was allocated and optimized in a distribution system using Mixed Integer-Linear Programming (MILP) and was solved by FICO ® XPRESS optimization software. In [30], the Energy Storage (ES) and RES were integrated using MILPmethod.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Energy Micro-Grid Interfacing: Economic and Environmental Issues

et al. 2022

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This paper presents a study on the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of renewable energy resources-based distributed generation units (DGs). These units are connected to the medium-voltage network to create a new structure called a microgrid (MG). Renewable energies, especially wind and solar, are the most important generation units among DGs. The stochastic behavior of renewable resources increases the need to find the optimum operation of the MG. The optimal operation of a typical MG aims to simultaneously minimize the operational costs and the accompanied emission pollutants over a daily scheduling horizon. Several renewable DGs are investigated in the MG, consisting of biomass generators (BGs), wind turbines (WTs), and photovoltaics (PV). For the proposed operating strategy of the MG, a recent equilibrium optimization (EO) technique is developed and is inspired by the mass balance models for a control volume that are used to estimate their dynamic and equilibrium states. The uncertainties of wind speed and solar irradiation are considered via the Weibull and Beta-probability density functions (PDF) with different states of mean and standard deviation for each hour, respectively. Based on the developed EO, the hourly output powers of the PV, WT, and BGs are optimized, as are the associated power factors of the BGs. The proposed MG operating strategy based on the developed EO is tested on the IEEE 33-bus system and the practical large-scale 141-bus system of AES-Venezuela in the metropolitan area of Caracas. The simulation results demonstrate the significant benefits of the optimal operation of a typical MG using the developed EO by minimizing the operational costs and emissions while preserving the penetration level of the DGs by 60%. Additionally, the voltage profile of the MG operation for each hour is highly enhanced where the minimum voltage at each hour is corrected within the permissible limit of [0.95–1.05] Pu. Moreover, the active power losses per hour are greatly reduced.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Energy Micro-Grid Interfacing: Economic and Environmental Issues

et al. 2022

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“…Due to their abundant availability and reusable properties, researchers are becoming more interested in renewable energy sources, such as wind, hydro, and solar energy. Solar energy is considered among the rapidly growing technologies and has also experienced a significant decline in cost over the past decade [4][5][6]. In addition to its cost-effectiveness advantage, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems generate noise free electricity, produce no environmental pollution, do not deplete natural resources and is relatively easy to assemble.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Robust Dynamic Control Strategy for Standalone PV System under Variable Load and Environmental Conditions

et al. 2022

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Dual-stage standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems suffer from stability, reliability issues, and their efficiency to deliver maximum power is greatly affected by changing environmental conditions. A hybrid back-stepping control (BSC) is a good candidate for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) however, there are eminent steady-state oscillations in the PV output due to BSC’s recursive nature. The issue can be addressed by proposing a hybrid integral back-stepping control (IBSC) algorithm where the proposed integral action significantly reduces the steady-state oscillations in the PV array output under varying temperature and solar irradiance level. Simultaneously, at the AC stage, the primary challenge is to reduce both the steady-state tracking error and total harmonic distortion (THD) at the output of VSI, resulting from the load parameter variations. Although the conventional sliding mode control (SMC) is robust to parameter variations, however, it is discontinuous in nature and inherit over-conservative gain design. In order to address this issue, a dynamic disturbance rejection strategy based on super twisting control (STC) has been proposed where a higher order sliding mode observer is designed to estimate the effect of load disturbances as a lumped parameter which is then rejected by the newly designed control law to achieve the desired VSI tracking performance. The proposed control strategy has been validated via MATLAB Simulink where the system reaches the steady-state in 0.005 s and gives a DC–DC conversion efficiency of 99.85% at the peak solar irradiation level. The AC stage steady-state error is minimized to 0 V whereas, THD is limited to 0.07% and 0.11% for linear and non-linear loads, respectively.

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“…Thus, an attempt will be made to answer the question: with what production, storage and consumer structure and with what number and configuration of cooperative members does a form of self-organization such as an energy cooperative have a chance to develop and improve its operating efficiency? The models developed by the authors so far [17] will be supplemented by the key element for these considerations-batteries (energy stores) [28]-which may determine not only the character and structure of emerging cooperatives but also, in some cases, become a factor determining their profitability [29,30]. The research objectives set by the authors are the analysis and assessment of: (i) whether, through an appropriate choice of generation sources and an energy storage facility, it is possible to avoid consuming energy from the grid (outside the virtual network deposit) [17,31], which makes it possible to avoid capacity fees; (ii) whether it is worth installing high-capacity energy storage, or whether a measurable effect of improving the optimization target can already be achieved by storage with a lower capacity and power; (iii) to what extent it is possible to estimate the volumetric savings in consuming energy from the virtual network deposit through the use of an actual energy store; and (iv) whether it is reasonable to build an actual store for each cooperative and, if not, which cooperatives it would be reasonable for.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Energy Cooperatives Operating on the Capacity Market

2021

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The European Green Deal aims to make Europe the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050 by shifting to a clean circular economy, combating biodiversity loss and reducing pollution levels. In Poland, whose economy invariably remains one of the most dependent on coal consumption in Europe, institutional responses to the above EU objectives have taken the shape of energy cooperatives aimed at filling the gaps in the development of the civic dimension of energy on a local scale and the use of potential renewable energy sources in rural areas, including in relation to the agricultural sector. This article is a continuation of the authors’ previous research work, which has so far focused on the analysis of the development of profitability of Polish institutions that fit into the European idea of a “local energy community”, which includes energy cooperatives. In this research paper, they present the results of subsequent research work and analyses performed on the basis of it which, on the one hand, complement the previously developed optimization model with variables concerning actual energy storage and, on the other hand, analyze the profitability of the operation of energy cooperatives in the conditions of the “capacity market”. The latter was actually introduced in Poland at the beginning of 2021. The research took account of the characteristics of energy producers and consumers in rural areas of Poland, the legally defined rules for the operation of the capacity market and the institutional conditions for the operation of energy cooperatives that can use the potential of energy storage. A dedicated mathematical model in mixed integer programming technology was used, enriched with respect to previous research, making it possible to optimize the operation of energy cooperative with the use of actual energy storage (batteries). Conclusions from the research and simulation show that the installation of energy storage only partially minimizes the volume of energy drawn from the grid in periods when fees related to the capacity market are in force (which should be avoided due to higher costs for consumers). The analysis also indicates that a key challenge is the proper parameterization of energy storage.

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RES and ES Integration in Combination with Distribution Grid Development Using MILP

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

Renewable Energy Micro-Grid Interfacing: Economic and Environmental Issues

Renewable Energy Micro-Grid Interfacing: Economic and Environmental Issues

A Robust Dynamic Control Strategy for Standalone PV System under Variable Load and Environmental Conditions

The Effectiveness of Energy Cooperatives Operating on the Capacity Market

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