Research on a Novel Hydraulic/Electric Synergy Bus

Zhao, Kegang; Liang, Zhihao; Huang, Yanjun; Wang, Hong; Khajepour, Amir; Zhen, Yuke

doi:10.3390/en11010034

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The topic of using different technologies in urban electric buses was undertaken by many engineers. Initial research was related to the analysis of properties and the possibility of using mainly hybrid propulsion systems [6][7][8][9][10] in city buses using internal combustion engines in series [11] or parallel 2 of 39 layouts [12] as well as hydraulic drive [13] and CNG powered systems [14]. With the introduction of increasingly restrictive emissions standards for road transport, technological solutions based on purely battery drive systems [15] and their variants using hybrid battery-capacitors systems [16][17][18][19], replaceable energy store systems [20,21] or range extenders [22] are sought.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions

Łebkowski

2019

Energies

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This article analyzes various configurations of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems consisting of batteries only, combinations of batteries and supercapacitors, and supercapacitors only. For the presented configurations, mathematical models that were used in research in terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions were developed, employing a 12-m city bus as a test bed. The tests were carried out using standard test cycles for heavy vehicles as well as routes developed on the basis of actual road conditions. The obtained test results confirmed that the lowest energy consumption is characterized by the system supplied exclusively by batteries (855 Wh/km), followed by a hybrid system of a large battery with a small supercapacitor (941 Wh/km), a hybrid system with a large supercapacitor and a small battery pack (1087 Wh/km), and finally a system with a supercapacitor only (1091 Wh/km). In comparison with the conventional diesel power system (3967 Wh/km), the CO2 emission reductions ranged from 27% to 43%, depending on the source of electrical energy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions

Łebkowski

2019

Energies

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“…Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the advantages of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles and pure electric vehicles [1]. The advantages of HEVs, such as enabling long driving distances, being environment-friendly, and energy savings, make them one of the most practical ways to solve energy and pollution problems [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Global Optimization Algorithm for Series-Parallel PHEV Energy Management Strategy Based on Radau Pseudospectral Knotting Method

et al. 2019

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The powertrain model of the series-parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is more complicated, compared with series PHEVs and parallel PHEVs. Using the traditional dynamic programming (DP) algorithm or Pontryagin minimum principle (PMP) algorithm to solve the global-optimization-based energy management strategies of the series-parallel PHEVs is not ideal, as the solution time is too long or even impossible to solve. Chief engineers of hybrid system urgently require a handy tool to quickly solve global-optimization-based energy management strategies. Therefore, this paper proposed to use the Radau pseudospectral knotting method (RPKM) to solve the global-optimization-based energy management strategy of the series-parallel PHEVs to improve computational efficiency. Simulation results showed that compared with the DP algorithm, the global-optimization-based energy management strategy based on the RPKM improves the computational efficiency by 1806 times with a relative error of only 0.12%. On this basis, a bi-level nested component-sizing method combining the genetic algorithm and RPKM was developed. By applying the global-optimization-based energy management strategy based on RPKM to the actual development, the feasibility and superiority of RPKM applied to the global-optimization-based energy management strategy of the series-parallel PHEVs were further verified.

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“…Aiming for energy conservation, environment protection and continuous economic growth, many researchers are working on the improvement of energy efficiency [1]. However, the progress of reducing the energy consumption is slow, even though China is subjected to increasing problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Electric Circulation on the Energy Efficiency of the Power Split e-CVT Hybrid Systems

Chung

Hung

2018

Energies

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This paper aims at investigating the fundamental characteristics of energy efficiency for power split electronic-continuously-variable-transmission (e-CVT) hybrid systems under the operation of electric circulation, i.e., circulating part of the engine power through the generator and motor in form of electric energy to improve system efficiency as well as perform the continuously-variable-transmission (CVT) functionality. The relations of kinematics and energy conservation for each power component are constructed and analyzed to classify how the operating points of the engine in term of torque and rotational speed may vary under different degrees of electric circulation indicated by a parameter called ratio of circulating power. Thereby, power split e-CVT hybrid systems can be classified into three types: upward circulation, downward circulation, and neutral circulation. Accordingly, two power split e-CVT hybrid systems, one of input split type and the other of output split type, are selected to be analyzed regarding their operating characteristics and simulated on their performances of energy efficiency. As a result, the former is a type of downward circulation in favor of driving at low speed and high driving load, while the latter is a type of upward circulation with an advantage of driving at high speed and low driving load. Thereby, applying this analysis to investigate the effects of electric circulation on power split e-CVT systems may help the developers implement suitable energy management and control strategy in accordance with their corresponding operating characteristics of energy efficiency.

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Research on a Novel Hydraulic/Electric Synergy Bus

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions

Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions

Development of Global Optimization Algorithm for Series-Parallel PHEV Energy Management Strategy Based on Radau Pseudospectral Knotting Method

Effects of Electric Circulation on the Energy Efficiency of the Power Split e-CVT Hybrid Systems

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