“…A comprehensive account of the VPP is presented in the literature (Xia and Liu, 2016;Lin, 2017;Gong, 2018;Li et al, 2021). Hong et al, 2017;Wang, 2017;Yuan, 2017;Wen and Guoen, 2019;Liu et al, 2020;Yang et al, 2020 investigate the problem regarding the management of renewable energy sources in the grid, which considers the VPP to be able to integrate distributed energy sources optimally. In the literature (Pudjianto et al, 2007;Zhou and Lin, 2019), distributed energy sources, such as CHP units, are aggregated to form a VPP to participate in market trading and realize a VPP model for distributed energy sources, such as energy storage and demand response.…”