“…The Chinese government has called for rebalancing the economy towards greater reliance on consumption as the growth driver, away from investment and external trade (Aziz et al, 2006). In recent years, the government has been working on restoring and expanding residents' consumption (Wu & Ma, 2023). However, the structural characteristics of Chinese households, characterized by high saving rates but low consumption levels, especially for household consumption expenditure, stand out notably compared to countries all around the world (Modigliani & Cao, 2004;Aziz & Cui, 2007;Liu, 2023).…”