Research Paper: Chemical Composition and Role of Opioidergic System in Antinociceptive Effect of Ziziphora Clinopodioides Essential Oil

Abstract

Introduction:Ziziphora Clinopodioides has been used widely for various therapeutic purposes in Iranian folk medicine. The current study aimed to determine interaction of antinociceptive effect of the Essential Oil of Ziziphora Clinopodioides (EOZC) and opioidergic system in male rats using formalin test.Methods:Sixty-four male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups. The groups 1 to 7 were injected with normal saline, vehicle (Tween-80, 0.5%), 10, 20, 40 mg/kg of the EOZC, morphine (5 mg/kg) and naloxone (2 mg/kg), respectively. Thirty minutes later, the formalin test was performed by intraplantar injection of formalin (50 μL, 2%). In group 8, naloxone (2 mg/kg) was injected 15 min before injection of EOZC (20 mg/kg), followed by formalin at 15 min later. The formalin test was done as time spent for licking and biting of the injected paw. Formalin induced a biphasic pain reaction. The chemical composition of EOZC was identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).Results:EOZC (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) dose dependently and morphine (5 mg/kg) reduced pain responses in the both phases of pain (P<0.05). Naloxone (2 mg/kg) alone had no effect on the severity of pain (P>0.05) but pretreatment with naloxone inhibited EOZC-induced antinociception activity (P<0.05). Based on the GC-MS results, EOZC comprised 65.22% carvacrol, 19.51% thymol, 4.86% p-cymene and 4.63% γ-terpinene.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that EOZC has antinociceptive effect and this effect might mediate via opioidergic pathways.

Evaluation of Habenaria aitchisonii Reichb. for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive effects with in vivo and in silico approaches

“…Pain is formed in the second (inflammatory) phase when histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and PGs are released in response to inflammation in the tissue wounded by formalin. Peripherally acting medications, such as anti-inflammatories ( Mohammadifard and Alimohammadi, 2018 ), are only efficacious in the second phase of the formalin test, whereas centrally acting pharmaceuticals, such as opioid analgesics, suppress both phases. In a dose-dependent way, we found that the tested samples of H. aitchisonii decreased the pain response to both phases of the formalin test, demonstrating an antinociceptive impact at both the central and peripheral levels.…”

Anti‐inflammatory, Antinociceptive, and Toxicological Properties of Uvaria comperei Stem Crude Extract and Fractions

“…Phase I consists of neurogenic nociception by direct stimulation of nociceptors via C fibers to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord after substance P is secreted and acts as a neurotransmitter. The second phase consists of inflammatory-induced pain due to the release of serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins from formalin-damaged tissue [ 32 ]. The pain response in both phases is processed at the spinal level.…”

Assessment of antinociceptive property of Cynara scolymus L. and possible mechanism of action in the formalin and writhing models of nociception in mice

“…administration at a dosage of 10 mL/kg body weight. All the test doses of the drugs used in this study and drug administration schedules were determined based on the previous reports and the authors’ unpublished pilot studies [ 2 , 3 , 11 , 15 , 16 ].…”

“…Pain arises as a result of an injurious stimulus either from the environment or within the body and is subsequently disseminated by the activation of nociceptors by inflammatory mediators. Then, these receptors convey the pertinent information via afferent fibers to the central nervous system (CNS) [ 3 ]. Recently, in light of the deleterious consequences caused by a multitude of synthetic analgesics, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids, there has been a growing demand for the discovery of innovative analgesic medications that offer improved effectiveness and safety.…”