Research progress on black phosphorus hybrids hydrogel platforms for biomedical applications

Abstract

Hydrogels, also known as three-dimensional, flexible, and polymer networks, are composed of natural and/or synthetic polymers with exceptional properties such as hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, biofunctionality, and elasticity. Researchers in biomedicine, biosensing, pharmaceuticals, energy and environment, agriculture, and cosmetics are interested in hydrogels. Hydrogels have limited adaptability for complicated biological information transfer in biomedical applications due to their lack of electrical conductivity and low mechanical strength, despite significant advances in the development and use of hydrogels. The nano-filler-hydrogel hybrid system based on supramolecular interaction between host and guest has emerged as one of the potential solutions to the aforementioned issues. Black phosphorus, as one of the representatives of novel two-dimensional materials, has gained a great deal of interest in recent years owing to its exceptional physical and chemical properties, among other nanoscale fillers. However, a few numbers of publications have elaborated on the scientific development of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels extensively. In this review, this review thus summarized the benefits of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels and highlighted the most recent biological uses of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels. Finally, the difficulties and future possibilities of the development of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels are reviewed in an effort to serve as a guide for the application and manufacture of black phosphorus -based hydrogels. Graphical Abstract Recent applications of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels in biomedicine.

Reactive Oxygen Species‐Associated Chiral Nanoarchitectures for Bioscience

“…[ 46 ] Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have revealed the outstanding antitumor ability of chiral SS structures, with D‐Cys‐SS15 exhibiting the most effective photodynamic treatment effects under circularly polarized light irradiation, thus leading to the complete eradication of tumor tissue in mice after 15 days of injection (Figure 8B). As a common nanodrug, black phosphorus nanosheets are not readily retained in tumor cells, [ 72 ] thus leading to a significant reduction in their therapeutic effect. However, chiral BPNS modified with cysteine can prolong their intracellular residence time, thereby enhancing their photothermal and photodynamic therapy efficacy on tumors.…”

Self-delivery photothermal-boosted-nanobike multi-overcoming immune escape by photothermal/chemical/immune synergistic therapy against HCC

“…BPNSs are used as a carrier and degradable PTT agents, containing SF and PD-L1 mAb, without additional excipients. In addition, it has a convenient preparation process and has the potential for wide application in biomedicine [31,32]. The BPSP multi-overcoming immune escape by simultaneously reducing ECM, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and black PD-1/PD-L1 recognition, and finally converting 'cold' tumors into 'hot' ones and photothermal/ chemical/immune killing tumor cells (Scheme 1b).…”