Research Progress on Nanoplatforms and Nanotherapeutic Strategies in Treating Glioma

Abstract

Glioma is the most common and aggressive primary intracranial tumor within the central nervous system. The blood−brain barrier (BBB) has been a great hurdle for an effective glioma treatment. To effectively treat glioma, various strategies have been applied to deliver drugs to the brain by crossing the BBB. Nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery is emerging as an effective and noninvasive system to treat glioma, showing great potential in glioma therapy. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview on nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery and related glioma therapy. Following an initial overview of the BBB and blood− brain-tumor barrier (BBTB) structure and characteristics, nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery strategies (liposomes, micelles, inorganic systems, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogel system, biomimetic nanoparticles, and exosomes) for crossing the BBB are discussed. Finally, nanotherapeutic techniques (imaging-mediated chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, ferroptosis therapy, sonodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and combination therapy) in treating glioma are summarized. In addition, this review provides some perspectives on the clinical applications of nanomedicines.

Advances in the application of manganese dioxide and its composites for theranostics

“…MnO 2 nanomaterials offer the significant likelihood for early detection of gliomas through MRI. A glioma, a primary central nervous system tumor caused by astrocytes, 143 is considered to be an extremely aggressive and common brain tumor. 144 Its rapid proliferation is due to the release of glutamate, causing excitotoxic cell death around the core and quick tumor invasion.…”

Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles: potential roles and mechanism in glioma

“…Temozolomide (TMZ) is a novel alkylating agent with good CNS permeability and it can reach nearly 100% bioavailability when administered orally. Compared with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, TMZ has mild side effects, is well tolerated, and is easy to administer [ 87 , 88 ]. Currently, TMZ-based chemotherapy regimens have been widely used in the adjuvant treatment of high-grade gliomas, in the salvage treatment of recurrent gliomas, and low-grade gliomas with poor prognostic factors [ 89 , 90 ].…”

Blood–brain barrier-crossing dendrimers for glioma theranostics

“…The recent progress in nanotechnology and nanomedicine holds great promise for the efficient treatment of glioma. 6,7 A range of nanoscale drug delivery systems including but not limited to inorganic nanomaterials, 8 dendrimers, 9 polymer nanoparticles (NPs), 10 liposomes, 11 micelles, 12 and nanogels 13,14 have been developed. These carriers can be used to encapsulate various kinds of therapeutic molecules and contrast agents such as small molecular drugs, proteins, peptides, genes, gold (Au) NPs, and so on, through physical or chemical interactions.…”