Research progress on the tsRNA classification, function, and application in gynecological malignant tumors

Abstract

A large number of small non-coding RNAs derived from tRNAs, called tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNAs), have been identified by high-throughput RNA sequencing of cell lines. Further research has revealed that they are not produced via random tRNA degradation, but through degradation by specific nuclease cleavages, such as Elac Ribonuclease Z 2 (ELAC2)/RNase Z, RNase L, Dicer, and angiogenin (ANG), the tsRNAs can be classified into the following types based on the location from which they have been derived from the parental tRNA: tRF-1s, tRF-3s, tRF-5s, tiRNA, and tRF-2s/i-tRFs. Moreover, tsRNAs are a type of small RNAs with diverse functions, including gene expression regulation, anti-apoptosis, translation inhibition, participation in epigenetic regulation, initial virus reverse transcription, promote virus replication and cell-to-cell communication. Certain types of tsRNAs are overexpressed in cancer tissues, but are underexpressed in normal tissues. Therefore, the relationship between tsRNAs and the occurrence and development of cancer has attracted significant research attention. Research advancements have contributed to further discoveries of the biological activities of tsRNAs, but the mechanisms of their biogenesis and functions have not been fully elucidated. This article reviews the classification and biological functions of tsRNAs, and introduces the research progress in gynecological malignancies.

Role of the Ribonuclease ONCONASE in miRNA Biogenesis and tRNA Processing: Focus on Cancer and Viral Infections

“…Nevertheless, the mechanism of tRNAs processing as well as the role of the involved RNases effectors should require further investigations. Anyway, many studies focused on tRFs functions recently received increasing attention, so that a more complete information and literature revisions are available [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Identification of a tsRNA Contributor to Impaired Diabetic Wound Healing via High Glucose-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction

“…Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are an emerging regulatory class of small noncoding RNA (ncRNA). Transfer halves (tiRNA) and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are the two main categories of tsRNAs, 7 which are generated from mature or precursor tRNAs by multiple cleavage of tRNAs. 8 tsRNAs can be divided into several types rest with where they map on the precursor or mature tRNA transcript.…”

“…Based on tRFs’ mapped positions, tRFs are roughly divided into five types: tRF-5, tRF-3, tRF-2, tRF-1, and i-tRF. 7 Although the detailed function and mechanism of tsRNAs remain elusive, some paper has shown that tsRNAs play a key role in diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. For example, Yang et al found that altered tsRNAs may play vital roles in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.…”

M1 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicle containing tsRNA-5006c promotes osteogenic differentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells through regulating mitophagy

“…In the past, tsRNAs were considered to be random degradation products of tRNAs thereby without attracting much attention. However, in recent years, numerous studies have indicated that tsRNAs occur in a specific biogenesis pattern and play a non-negligible role in the progression of various diseases, such as tumors ( Wen et al, 2021 ), reproductive-related diseases( Li et al, 2021 ), and cardiovascular diseases ( Cao, Cowan & Wang, 2020 ). Importantly, many studies have shown that cardiac pathological conditions can induce abnormal expression of tsRNAs in various cardiovascular diseases, such as rheumatoid heart disease with atrial fibrillation ( Yang et al, 2021 ), myocardial ischemia ( Liu et al, 2020 ), and atherosclerosis ( He et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ).…”