Research Review of Principles and Methods for Ultrasonic Measurement of Axial Stress in Bolts

Pan, Qinxue; Pan, Ruipeng; Shao, Chang; Chang, Meile; Xu, Xiaoyu

doi:10.1186/s10033-020-0431-x

Cited by 50 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…When n=1, the resonance length was /2 = 50 mm, and the simulated and experimental resonance frequencies were 1.63 and 1.58 GHz, respectively. When bolt A was loosened, the resonance condition changed from that in (6) to that in (7). When m = 3, the resonance length was 3 2 = 80 mm, and the simulated and experimental resonance frequencies were 1.56 and 1.39 GHz, respectively.…”

Section: B Loose-bolt Identification With Multiple Bolts Installed In Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Painting-Type Passive Loose-Bolt Sensing Based on Abnormality-Induced Changes in Waveguide Resonance

2021

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The ability to detect abnormalities in infrastructure automatically and remotely with a small number of sensors would greatly contribute to efficient and timely infrastructure inspection. Here, we propose a passive sensor that can be installed by painting. The painted waveguide-based sensor detects abnormalities in infrastructure from abnormality-induced changes in the resonance frequency of electromagnetic waves resonating inside the sensor. In this paper, the principle of detecting loose bolts with the painted waveguide-based sensor is demonstrated by simulation and experiment. The sensor is designed and fabricated as a resonator with resonance frequencies from 100 kHz to 2.5 GHz, which includes the UHF radio-frequency identification band, and the measurement frequency was set within this range. The fabricated sensor is capable of detecting not only a single loose bolt but also two or more loose bolts on the waveguide of the sensor to monitor.

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Section: B Loose-bolt Identification With Multiple Bolts Installed In Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Painting-Type Passive Loose-Bolt Sensing Based on Abnormality-Induced Changes in Waveguide Resonance

2021

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“…Therefore, accurate prediction of axial stresses and control of bolt preload is important to ensure machine functioning and structural stability. There are several methods for estimating axial stress and controlling bolt preload, including the torque method [1,2], the strain gauge method [3,4], and the ultrasonic method [5]. The torque method generates the expected tightening torque through manual torque wrenches or pneumatic, hydraulic wrenches to control the bolt preload, which depends on the fact that the torque applied to the bolt can be effectively converted into the preload of the bolt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Axial Stress Measurement Method for High-Strength Short Bolts Based on Stress-Dependent Scattering Effect and Energy Attenuation Coefficient

Chen

Yin

2022

Sensors

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The accurate estimation of axial stresses is a major problem for high-strength bolted connections that needs to be overcome to improve the assembly quality and safety of aviation structures. However, the conventional acoustoelastic effect based on velocity-stress dependence is very weak for short bolts, which leads to large estimation errors. In this article, the effect of axial stress on ultrasonic scattering attenuation is investigated by calculating the change in the energy attenuation coefficient of ultrasonic echoes after applying axial preload. Based on this effect, a stress-dependent attenuation estimation model is developed to measure the bolt axial stress. In addition, the spectrum of the first and second round-trip echoes is divided into several frequency bands to calculate the energy attenuation coefficients, which are used to select the frequency band sensitive to the axial stress changes. Finally, the estimation model between axial stress and energy attenuation coefficients in the sensitive frequency band is established under 20 steps of axial preloads. The experimental results show that the energy attenuation coefficient in the sensitive band corresponds well with axial stress. The average relative error of the predicted axial stress is 6.28%, which is better than that of the conventional acoustoelastic effect method. Therefore, the proposed approach can be used as an effective method to measure the axial stress of short bolts in the assembly of high-strength connections.

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“…Moll et al examined the temperature effect on the propagation of guided waves in composites [16]. Using nonlinear ultrasound, various possibilities were shown to determine mechanical stresses in screw connections [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nonlinear Ultrasonic Modulation Method for Crack Detection in Turbine Blades

Mevissen

Meo

2020

Aerospace

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In modern gas turbines, efforts are being made to improve efficiency even further. This is achieved primarily by increasing the generated pressure ratio in the compressor and by increasing the turbine inlet temperature. This leads to enormous loads on the components in the hot gas region in the turbine. As a result, non-destructive testing and structural health monitoring (SHM) processes are becoming increasingly important to gas turbine manufacturers. Initial cracks in the turbine blades must be identified before catastrophic events occur. A proven method is the linear ultrasound method. By monitoring the amplitude and phase fluctuations of the input signal, structural integrity of the components can be detected. However, closed cracks or small cracks cannot be easily detected due to a low impedance mismatch with the surrounding materials. By contrast, nonlinear ultrasound methods have shown that damages can be identified at an early stage by monitoring new signal components such as sub- and higher harmonics of the fundamental frequency in the frequency spectrum. These are generated by distortion of the elastic waveform due to damage/nonlinearity of the material. In this paper, new global nonlinear parameters were derived that result from the dual excitation of two different ultrasound frequencies. These nonlinear features were used to assess the presence of cracks as well as their qualitative sizes. The proposed approach was tested on several samples and turbine blades with artificial and real defects. The results were compared to samples without failure. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate nonlinear elastic interaction of the stress waves with the damage regions. The results show a clear trend of nonlinear parameters changing as a function of the crack size, demonstrating the capability of the proposed approach to detect in-service cracks.

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Research Review of Principles and Methods for Ultrasonic Measurement of Axial Stress in Bolts

Cited by 50 publications

References 22 publications

Painting-Type Passive Loose-Bolt Sensing Based on Abnormality-Induced Changes in Waveguide Resonance

Painting-Type Passive Loose-Bolt Sensing Based on Abnormality-Induced Changes in Waveguide Resonance

A New Axial Stress Measurement Method for High-Strength Short Bolts Based on Stress-Dependent Scattering Effect and Energy Attenuation Coefficient

A Nonlinear Ultrasonic Modulation Method for Crack Detection in Turbine Blades

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