Resin flow in conifers

Cabrita, Paulo

doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.05.020

Cited by 13 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In Pinus species, resin is synthesized and stored in specialized structures called resin ducts or canals [1 , 17] . Axial and radial ducts form an interconnected network that deliver resin to wounding sites [3] . As sites of resin synthesis, storage, and delivery, resin ducts in the secondary xylem of tree rings are a measure of a tree's defense capacity from insects and pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axial resin duct quantification in tree rings: A functional defense trait

2020

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Resin ducts in the secondary xylem of tree rings are a measure of a tree's defense capacity from insects and pathogens. Because resin ducts are permanently embedded within the xylem, retrospective analysis can be performed to quantify changes in defense over time and determine factors that contribute to this change, such as climate and disturbance. Here, we provide methods on how to measure axial resin ducts in secondary xylem. These methods provide the necessary protocols for consistent quantification of xylem resin ducts and terminology, which will also allow easier cross-comparison among studies in the future. We describe: Steps to prepare tree cores for resin duct measurements. Procedure to obtain image and measure individual resin ducts. Software code to compile duct measurements into a complete chronology with both standardized and unstandardized resin duct metrics for further analyses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axial resin duct quantification in tree rings: A functional defense trait

2020

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“…Based on the model first proposed by Münch (Büsgen and Münch, 1929) and the current knowledge of resin synthesis (Beck, 2010), a pressure-driven resin loading mechanism was suggested by applying the unsteady Stokes equation to describe flow in resin ducts, using conifers as model plants (Cabrita, 2018). Accordingly, resin is granulocrinously loaded into the duct lumen, along its wall lined by epithelial cells, depending on the pressure difference between the duct and the epithelium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, in many cases and similarly to resin, many components of gum or gum resin are secreted into the duct granulocrinously, involving the fusion of Golgi or endoplasmic reticulum vesicles with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents through the cell wall, or eccrinously, which involves the passage of small molecules directly through the plasma membrane and cell wall (Beck, 2010;Evert, 2006). The model proposed by Cabrita (2018) suggests that a pressure-driven granulocrine loading of resin into ducts gives some physiological advantages regarding its role in plant defence mechanisms. Therefore, considering the similar role that gum plays in plant defence mechanisms and the anatomical similarities shared 4 by gum producing angiosperms with resin producing species, the unsteady Stokes equation can be equally applied to describe flow inside gum and gum resin ducts (Cabrita, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model proposed by Cabrita (2018) suggests that a pressure-driven granulocrine loading of resin into ducts gives some physiological advantages regarding its role in plant defence mechanisms. Therefore, considering the similar role that gum plays in plant defence mechanisms and the anatomical similarities shared 4 by gum producing angiosperms with resin producing species, the unsteady Stokes equation can be equally applied to describe flow inside gum and gum resin ducts (Cabrita, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When there is lysis of the epithelium, the pressure-driven loading and filling of the duct (Büsgen and Münch, 1929;Cabrita, 2018) seems mostly unlikely as the lysigenous duct, often of irregular shape and wider in one direction, is differently surrounded and limited by a mixture of non-living and living cells at different stages of development, with some being partly disintegrated and releasing their contents into it . This means that, in this scenario, any pressure difference between the surrounding and partly autolysing epithelium and the duct lumen is consequently more difficult to be regulated or maintained in order to drive flow.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Holocrine secretion and kino flow in angiosperms: their role and physiological advantages in plant defence mechanisms

Cabrita¹

2020

Trees

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Key message Flow within internal secretory systems derived from autolyzing epithelia in kino-producing angiosperms may have lower metabolic energy costs. This presents physiological advantages and possibly constitutes an evolutionary step of these species compared to resin flow in conifers in using internal secretory systems in plant defence mechanisms. Abstract Kino is a plant exudate, rich in polyphenols, produced by several angiosperms in reaction to injury of the cambium. It flows out of kino veins, which compose an anatomically distinct continuous system of tangentially anastomosing canals produced by the cambium upon damage, encircling plant stems and branches. Kino is loaded into the vein lumen by autolysis of a cambiform epithelium lined by suberized cells that separate kino veins from the surrounding axial parenchyma. A model describing kino flow is presented to investigate how vein distribution and structure, as well as the loading, solidification, and viscosity of kino affect flow. Considering vein anatomy, viscosity, and a time-dependent loading of kino, the unsteady Stokes equation was applied. Qualitatively, kino flow is similar to resin flow observed on conifers. There is an increase in flow towards the vein open end, with both pressure and flow depending on the vein dimensions, properties, and loading of kino. However, kino veins present a much smaller specific resistance to flow compared to resin ducts. Also, unlike resin loading in conifers, the loading of kino is not pressure-driven. The pressure and pressure gradient required to drive an equally fast flow are smaller than what is observed on the resin ducts of conifers. These results agree with previous observations on some angiosperms and suggest that flow within internal secretory systems derived from autolysing epithelia may have lower metabolic energy costs; thus presenting physiological advantages and possibly constituting an evolutionary step of angiosperms in using internal secretory systems in plant defence mechanisms compared to resin flow in conifers. Understanding of how these physiological and morphological parameters affect kino flow might be useful for selecting species and developing more sustainable and economically viable methods of tapping gum and gum resin in angiosperms.

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Chemical Composition, Repellent, and Phytotoxic Potentials of the Fractionated Resin Essential Oil from Araucaria heterophylla Growing in Tunisia

Ben Romdhane,

Baccari,

Saidi

et al. 2024

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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The resin essential oil (REO) of Araucaria heterophylla trunk bark was investigated for its chemical composition. Then, it was evaluated for its insecticidal and allelopathic activities. The REO was obtained by hydrodistillation for 9 h (yield of 4.2% w/w). Moreover, fractional hydrodistillation was carried out at 3‐hour intervals, resulting in 3 fractions (R1‐R3). GC/MS analysis of the obtained samples allowed the identification of 25 compounds, representing between 91.2 and 96.3% of their total constituents, which consisted predominantly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and diterpene hydrocarbons. α‐Copaene (1), γ‐muurolene (4), α‐copaen‐11‐ol (7), spathulenol (9), 15‐copaenol (10), ylangenal (21), dehydrosaussurea lactone (22), and sandaracopimaradiene (23) were identified as major compounds. The second part aimed to assess the impact of the A. heterophylla EO and its three fractions for their insecticidal and repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), of which a strong repellent activity was noted. In addition, the studied samples showed high phytotoxic effects against Lactuca sativa. The main compounds of the studied samples were docked into the active pocket of protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PDB: 1SEZ), a key enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Thus, it is recommended to use the REO of A. heterophylla as a natural herbicide.

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Resin flow in conifers

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Axial resin duct quantification in tree rings: A functional defense trait

Axial resin duct quantification in tree rings: A functional defense trait

Holocrine secretion and kino flow in angiosperms: their role and physiological advantages in plant defence mechanisms

Chemical Composition, Repellent, and Phytotoxic Potentials of the Fractionated Resin Essential Oil from Araucaria heterophylla Growing in Tunisia

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