Resistance Genes, Plasmids, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), and Phenotypic Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) Isolated from Slaughtered Chickens in Burkina Faso

Abstract

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries increases risks to the health of both such countries’ residents and the global community due to international travel. It is consequently necessary to investigate antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in countries such as Burkina Faso, where surveillance data are not available. To study the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella, 102 Salmonella strains isolated from slaughtered chickens were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to obtain information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and other genetic factors. Twenty-two different serotypes were identified using WGS, the most prevalent of which were Hato (28/102, 27.5%) and Derby (23/102, 22.5%). All strains analyzed possessed at least one and up to nine AMR genes, with the most prevalent being the non-functional aac(6′)-Iaa gene, followed by aph(6)-Id. Multi-drug resistance was found genotypically in 36.2% of the isolates for different classes of antibiotics, such as fosfomycin and β-lactams, among others. Plasmids were identified in 43.1% of isolates (44/102), and 25 plasmids were confirmed to carry AMR genes. The results show that chicken can be considered as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains. Due to the prevalence of these drug-resistant pathogens and the potential for foodborne illnesses, poultry processing and cooking should be performed with attention to prescribed safe handling methods to avoid cross-contamination with chicken products.

Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical cases in Shiyan, China

“…From the MLST analysis, the 114 strains were categorized into 34 STs, with ST40, ST11, and ST26 emerging as the most frequent STs, accounting for 11.4% (13/114), 11.4% (13/114), and 8.8% (10/114) of the isolates, respectively (Table 1). It has been observed that S. Typhimurium comprises ST19 (7), ST34 (9), and ST36 (1), while S. Derby encompasses ST40 (13) and ST71 (1); other serotypes were identified unique STs. A The correlation of STs among strains from different sources is shown in Fig 5B . Five sequence types, namely ST13, ST26, ST34, ST40, and ST358 were identified in samples from in food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical cases samples.…”

“…Several reports have highlighted the circulation of Salmonella spp. among animals, humans, and the environment [ 9 ]. Typing and tracing Salmonella subsequent to isolation and identification are crucial for epidemiological investigations, ensuring food safety, safeguarding public health, and optimizing livestock production [ 10 ].…”

Prevalence of Salmonella in Fresh Produce Tomatoes Sold in Open Market in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

“…In 2008, a multi-country outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul was linked to raw tomatoes in the United States, affecting several states and causing 1500 case subjects, 21% were hospitalized, and 2 died [9]. Unfortunately, in Burkina Faso, many cases of outbreak caused by foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella or E. coli are still unreported [10].…”