“…The malfunction of the dopamine system results in several brain diseases, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, restless legs syndrome, schizophrenia, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. [11][12][13][14] The DA concentration is quite low in the nerve cell. In the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid, DA concentration is 100 nM 15 and also, depending on location, the concentration of DA ranges broadly from 1.0×10 −7 M to 1.0×10 −3 M. 16 Several methods have been implemented to detect DA, such as electrogenerated chemiluminescence, colorimetry, capillary electrophoresis, fluorescence spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography.…”