Resonance Parameter Measurements and Analysis of Gadolinium

Abstract

The purpose of the present work is to measure the neutron cross sections of gadolinium accurately. Gd has the highest thermal absorption cross section of any natural element. Therefore it is an important element for thermal reactor applications Neutron capture and transmission measurements were performed by the time-of-flight technique at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) LINAC facility using metallic and liquid Gd samples. The liquid samples were isotopically-enriched in either Gd has been measured to be 11% smaller than that calculated from ENDF/B-VI updated through release 8. Thermal capture cross sections and capture resonance integrals for each isotope as well as elemental gadolinium are presented.In the epithermal region, natural metal samples were measured in capture and transmission. Neutron interaction data up to 300 eV have been analyzed. Substantial improvement to the understanding of gadolinium cross sections is presented, particularly above 180 eV where the ENDF resolved region for 155 Gd ends.

In vivo neutron capture therapy of cancer using ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with cancer-targeting ability

“…First, although the natural abundance of 15.65% of 157 Gd is slightly lower than 19.9% of 10 B, 157 Gd has the highest s value of 257 000 barns among the stable radionuclides in the periodic table, which is higher than 3840 barns of 10 B. [5][6][7] In addition, 155 Gd with 14.8% in natural abundance also has a higher s value of 60 700 barns than 10 B. 5,7 Second, the Gd-chemicals can also serve as a diagnostic agent of cancer via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [1][2][3][4] making them useful as theragnostic agents of cancer via MRI and GdNCT, as recently demonstrated with Gd-chelate based materials.…”

“…[5][6][7] In addition, 155 Gd with 14.8% in natural abundance also has a higher s value of 60 700 barns than 10 B. 5,7 Second, the Gd-chemicals can also serve as a diagnostic agent of cancer via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [1][2][3][4] making them useful as theragnostic agents of cancer via MRI and GdNCT, as recently demonstrated with Gd-chelate based materials. 23,24 Nevertheless, the GdNCT suffers from the lack of suitable Gdchemicals, whereas two clinically applicable B-chemicals are available for BNCT.…”

“…Surface-modied ultrasmall gadolinium (Gd) oxide nanoparticles (UGNPs) with cancer-targeting ability are potential candidate materials for cutting-edge theragnostic applications due to their excellent water proton relaxivities [1][2][3][4] and the very high thermal neutron beam capture cross sections (s) of Gd. [5][6][7][8][9] Their cancer-targeting ability will boost their performance. In addition, their ultrasmall size is suitable for both intravenous (IV) administration and renal excretion.…”

Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Cancer‐Imaging Application of Trans‐activator of Transcription Peptide‐conjugated Ultrasmall Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles (GNPs) are extremely useful for biomedical applications because they possess various excellent physical properties applicable to cancer theragnosis . These applications include positive (T 1 ) magnetic resonance imaging (T 1 MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan, and gadolinium neutron capture therapy (GdNCT) of cancers .…”

Dextran‐Coated Ultrasmall Gd2O3 Nanoparticles as Potential T1 MRI Contrast Agent

“…Therefore, Gd 2 O 3 nanoparticles have been considered as a potential T 1 MRI contrast agent. In addition, 157 Gd (natural abundance=15.65 %) has a very high neutron capture cross‐section (σ) of 254,000 barns . Upon absorption of thermal neutrons, excited 158 Gd generates reactive electrons which can damage cancer cells .…”