Resource Book for the Design of Animal Exercise Protocols

Jones, James H.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.68.6.583

Cited by 46 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 341 publications

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“…The decision to use 3 min at each stage was previously described by Wisløff et al (2001) , who reported that oxygen consumption stabilized after approximately 3 min at each stage of exercise after a change in workload ( Wisløff et al, 2001 ). At the end of the treadmill line, a stainless steel grid emitted electrical stimuli (0.2 mA in < 1 s) to keep the animal in motion, as previously reported ( Jones, 2007 ). The animal’s inability to maintain the pace was considered to be a sign of exhaustion ( Rodrigues et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Aerobic Exercise Training Attenuates Tumor Growth and Reduces Insulin Secretion in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats

et al. 2018

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Aerobic exercise training can improve insulin sensitivity in many tissues; however, the relationship among exercise, insulin, and cancer cell growth is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training begun during adolescence can attenuate Walker 256 tumor growth in adult rats and alter insulin secretion. Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats engaged in treadmill running for 8 weeks, 3 days/week, 44 min/day, at 55–65% VO2max until they were 90 days old (TC, Trained Control). An equivalently aged group was kept inactive during the same period (SC, Sedentary Control). Then, half the animals of the SC and TC groups were reserved as the control condition and the other half were inoculated with Walker 256 cancer cells, yielding two additional groups (Sedentary Walker and Trained Walker). Zero mortalities were observed in tumor-bearing rats. Body weight (BW), food intake, plasma glucose, insulin levels, and peripheral insulin sensitivity were analyzed before and after tumor cell inoculation. We also evaluated tumor growth, metastasis and cachexia. Isolated pancreatic islets secretory activity was analyzed. In addition, we evaluated mechanic sensibility. Our results showed improved physical performance according to the final workload and VO2max and reduced BW in trained rats at the end of the running protocol. Chronic adaptation to the aerobic exercise training decreased tumor weight, cachexia and metastasis and were associated with low glucose and insulin levels and high insulin sensitivity before and after tumor cell inoculation. Aerobic exercise started at young age also reduced pancreatic islet insulin content and insulin secretion in response to a glucose stimulus, without impairing islet morphology in trained rats. Walker 256 tumor-bearing sedentary rats also presented reduced pancreatic islet insulin content, without changing insulin secretion through isolated pancreatic islets. The mechanical sensitivity test indicated that aerobic exercise training did not cause injury or trigger inflammatory processes prior to tumor cell inoculation. Taken together, the current study suggests that aerobic exercise training applied during adolescence may mitigate tumor growth and related disorders in Walker 256 tumor-bearing adult rats. Improved insulin sensibility, lower glucose and insulin levels and/or reduced insulin secretion stimulated by glucose may be implicated in this tumor attenuation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Aerobic Exercise Training Attenuates Tumor Growth and Reduces Insulin Secretion in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats

et al. 2018

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“…). At the end of the treadmill line, a grid of stainless steel emitted electrical stimuli (0.2 mA in <1 s) to keep the animal in motion, as described previously (Jones, ). The inability of an animal to maintain the pace was considered as a sign of exhaustion (Rodrigues et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate exercise training since adolescence reduces Walker 256 tumour growth in adult rats

Moreira

Almeida

Franco

et al. 2019

The Journal of Physiology

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Key pointsr Cancer growth, cell proliferation and cachexia index can be attenuated by the beneficial programming effect of moderate exercise training, especially if it begins in adolescence.r Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats who started exercise training during adolescence did not revert the basal low glycaemia and insulinaemia observed before tumour cell inoculation.r The moderate exercise training improved glucose tolerance and peripheral insulin sensitivity only in rats exercised early in adolescence.r The chronic effects of our exercise protocol are be beneficial to prevent cancer cachexia and hold clear potential as a nonpharmacological therapy of insulin sensitization.Veridiana Mota Moreira has worked in higher education as an effective member of a research ethics committee, a co-ordinator of physical activity and health research laboratories, an editor and reviewer in major scientific journals, a professor in Physical Education, and in Nursing, Biology and Physiotherapy Degree Courses. She has supervised and co-ordinated monographs and internships in Physical Education. She has participated in a high-performance soccer team as a physiologist. She participates in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) research group at the Laboratory of Cellular Biology of Secretion co-ordinated by Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias. In the future, she intends to study the application of molecular biology techniques associated with cancer, aiming to understand the multiplicity of cellular networks involved in the response to physical training, providing mechanisms by which the muscular system communicates with other organs, and mediating the beneficial effects of physical exercise related to health at different ages. * These authors contributed equally to this work. AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that moderate exercise training, performed early, starting during adolescence or later in life during adulthood, can inhibit tumour cell growth as a result of changes in biometric and metabolic markers. Male rats that were 30 and 70 days old performed a treadmill running protocol over 8 weeks for 3 days week -1 , 44 min day -1 and at 55-65%V O 2 max . After the end of training, a batch of rats was inoculated with Walker 256 carcinoma cells. At 15 days after carcinoma cell inoculation, the tumour was weighed and certain metabolic parameters were evaluated. The data demonstrated that physical performance was better in rats that started exercise training during adolescence according to the final workload andV O 2 max . Early or later moderate exercise training decreased the cachexia index, cell proliferation and tumour growth; however, the effects were more pronounced in rats that exercised during adolescence. Low glycaemia, insulinaemia and tissue insulin sensitivity was not reverted in Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats who trained during adolescence. Cancer growth can be attenuated by the beneficial programming effect of moderate exercise training, especially if it begins during adolescence. In addition, improvement in glu...

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“…We have followed previous protocol. [26][27][28][29] Briefly, animals were left on the treadmill for 5 min to adapt prior the test. After that, the test started at a speed of 8.5 m·min À1 for 9 min, for the animals to warm up, then every 3 min, the speed was increased in a constant ratio of 2.5 m·min À1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collagen‐induced arthritis as an animal model of rheumatoid cachexia

Alabarse

Lora

Silva

et al. 2018

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis is characterized by chronic polyarticular synovitis and presents systemic changes that impact quality of life, such as impaired muscle function, seen in up to 66% of the patients. This can progress to severely debilitating state known as rheumatoid cachexia—without loss of fat mass and body weight—for which there is little consensus in terms of diagnosis or treatment. This study aims to evaluate whether the collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) animal model also develops clinical and functional features characteristic of rheumatoid cachexia.MethodsMale DBA1/J mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: healthy animals (CO, n = 11) and CIA animals (n = 13). The clinical score and edema size, animal weight and food intake, free exploratory locomotion, grip strength, and endurance exercise performance were tested 0, 18, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days after disease induction. After euthanasia, several organs, visceral and brown fat, and muscles were dissected and weighed. Muscles were used to assess myofiber diameter. Ankle joint was used to assess arthritis severity by histological score. Statistical analysis were performed using one‐way and two‐way analyses of variance followed by Tukey's and Bonferroni's test or t‐test of Pearson and statistical difference were assumed for a P value under 0.05.ResultsThe CIA had significantly higher arthritis scores and larger hind paw edema volumes than CO. The CIA had decreased endurance exercise performance total time (fatigue; 23, 22, 24, and 21% at 35, 45, 55, and 65 days, respectively), grip strength (27, 55, 63, 60, and 66% at 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days, respectively), free locomotion (43, 57, 59, and 66% at 35, 45, 55, and 65 days, respectively), and tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle weight (25 and 24%, respectively) compared with CO. Sarcoplasmic ratios were also reduced in CIA (TA: 23 and GA: 22% less sarcoplasmic ratio), confirming the atrophy of skeletal muscle mass in these animals than in CO. Myofiber diameter was also reduced 45% in TA and 41% in GA in CIA when compared with the CO. Visceral and brown fat were lighter in CIA (54 and 39%, respectively) than CO group.ConclusionsThe CIA model is a valid experimental model for rheumatoid cachexia given that the clinical changes observed were similar to those described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

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Resource Book for the Design of Animal Exercise Protocols

Cited by 46 publications

References 341 publications

Aerobic Exercise Training Attenuates Tumor Growth and Reduces Insulin Secretion in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats

Aerobic Exercise Training Attenuates Tumor Growth and Reduces Insulin Secretion in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats

Moderate exercise training since adolescence reduces Walker 256 tumour growth in adult rats

Collagen‐induced arthritis as an animal model of rheumatoid cachexia

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