Response strength in open and closed economies

Cohen, Steven L.; Furman, Suzanne; Crouse, Mindy; Kroner, Amy L

doi:10.1016/0023-9690(90)90012-d

Cited by 13 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Fantino 256 BEHAVIOR MOMENTUM (1965) reported data using pigeons under concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement with FR terminal links that were inconsistent with research on behavior momentum, suggesting that resistance to change might not be sensitive to reinforcement parameters with FR schedules. In summary, Cohen et al's (1990) study differed from most, but not all, momentumrelated studies by using rats rather than pigeons, simple rather than multiple or chained schedules of reinforcement, ratio rather than interval schedules, and fixed rather than variable schedules.…”

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confidence: 83%

“…Harper and McLean (1992) showed that systematically varying the rates of reinforcement in two components of a multiple schedule that differed in reinforcement magnitude produced equivalent changes in overall response rates in both components. Cohen, Furman, Crouse, and Kroner (1990) also reported data that failed to show a direct relationship between resistance to change and rate of reinforcement. Rats were trained to press a lever according to simple fixed-ratio (FR) schedules that varied across successive conditions from FR 40 to FR 240.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of the present study was to investigate variables that could account for the results of Cohen et al (1990), and that might establish the boundaries of conditions in which there is a direct relationship between resistance to change and rate of reinforcement (i.e., in the behavior-momentum hypothesis). It is not readily apparent what aspects of Cohen et al's (1990) experiment might be responsible for their contradictory data. Their study used simple FR schedules of reinforcement, involved rats as subjects, varied rates of reinforcement across conditions, and tested for resistance to change in each successive condition.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tests of Behavior Momentum in Simple and Multiple Schedules With Rats and Pigeons

Cohen

Riley

Weigle

1993

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Four experiments examined the relationship between rate of reinforcement and resistance to change in rats' and pigeons' responses under simple and multiple schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment 1, 28 rats responded under either simple fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, or variable-interval schedules; in Experiment 2, 3 pigeons responded under simple fixed-ratio schedules. Under each schedule, rate of reinforcement varied across four successive conditions. In Experiment 3, 14 rats responded under either a multiple fixed-ratio schedule or a multiple fixed-interval schedule, each with two components that differed in rate of reinforcement. In Experiment 4, 7 pigeons responded under either a multiple fixed-ratio or a multiple fixed-interval schedule, each with three components that also differed in rate of reinforcement. Under each condition of each experiment, resistance to change was studied by measuring schedule-controlled performance under conditions with prefeeding, response-independent food during the schedule or during timeouts that separated components of the multiple schedules, and by measuring behavior under extinction. There were no consistent differences between rats and pigeons. There was no direct relationship between rates of reinforcement and resistance to change when rates of reinforcement varied across successive conditions in the simple schedules. By comparison, in the multiple schedules there was a direct relationship between rates of reinforcement and resistance to change during most tests of resistance to change. The major exception was delivering response-independent food during the schedule; this disrupted responding, but there was no direct relationship between rates of reinforcement and resistance to change in simple- or multiple-schedule contexts. The data suggest that rate of reinforcement determines resistance to change in multiple schedules, but that this relationship does not hold under simple schedules.

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confidence: 83%

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confidence: 99%

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Tests of Behavior Momentum in Simple and Multiple Schedules With Rats and Pigeons

Cohen

Riley

Weigle

1993

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…It is not known what effects session length might have on the resulting demand functions over and above any effects of feeding regime. Cohen, Furman, Crouse, and Kroner (1990) suggest that it might contribute significantly.…”

Section: Ln(q) ϭ Ln(l) ϩ B[ln(p)] ϫ A(p) (1)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Open Versus Closed Economies: Performance of Domestic Hens Under Fixed‐ratio Schedules

Foster

Blackman

Temple

1997

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Domestic hens responded under fixed-ratio schedules of food (wheat) reinforcement under several experimental conditions. Part 1 (open economy) investigated performance on fixed-ratio schedules over both multisession steady-state conditions and daily changes of the schedule, with hens maintained at 80% of free-feeding weights by extraexperimental feeding. In Parts 2 and 3 (closed economy and short sessions) sessions were 40 min long, and the hens' weights were allowed to vary (Part 2) or sessions were conducted only when the hens were at approximately 80% of free-feeding weights (Part 3). In Part 4 (closed economy and long sessions) sessions were 24 hr long and the fixed-ratio requirement was changed either daily or after 7 consecutive days. In general, the daily changes of fixed-ratio requirement in the open economy and short-session closed economy gave much the same result as the steady-state open-economy sessions. Overall response and reinforcer rates decreased with increasing fixed-ratio requirement (except at the shortest fixed ratios). Running response rates decreased, and postreinforcement pauses generally increased. In contrast, overall response rates in the long-session closed economy generally increased with the fixed-ratio requirement. Session length is suggested as a cause of the differences between the short-and long-session closed-economy results.

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“…In a single schedule, only one schedule (e.g., VI 30-s) of reinforcement operates within a session, and that schedule is correlated with the entire stimulus context of the experimental chamber. Cohen et al (1990) trained rats to press a lever for food under FR 40, 80, and 160 schedules across successive conditions. Most studies that support the behavioral momentum model have used complex schedules of reinforcement.…”

Section: Metaphors Models and Mathematics In The Science Of Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Happiest thought: Dynamics and behavior

Marr¹

2000

Behav. Brain Sci.

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In the metaphor of behavioral momentum, the rate of a free operant in the presence of a discriminative stimulus is analogous to the velocity of a moving body, and resistance to change measures an aspect of behavior that is analogous to its inertial mass. An extension of the metaphor suggests that preference measures an analog to the gravitational mass of that body. The independent functions relating resistance to change and preference to the conditions of reinforcement may be construed as convergent measures of a single construct, analogous to physical mass, that represents the effects of a history of exposure to the signaled conditions of reinforcement and that unifies the traditionally separate notions of the strength of learning and the value of incentives. Research guided by the momentum metaphor encompasses the effects of reinforcement on response rate, resistance to change, and preference and has implications for clinical interventions, drug addiction, and self-control. In addition, its principles can be seen as a modern, quantitative version of Thorndike's (1911) Law of Effect, providing a new perspective on some of the challenges to his postulation of strengthening by reinforcement. Figure 2. Average response rates of pigeons in two components of a multiple VI VI schedule with 60 reinforcers per hour in one component and 20 per hour in the other, showing the effects of the rate of free food presentations during time-out periods between components. The upper panel shows response rates during the last hour of baseline training and the first hour of disruption by time-out food across four conditions. In the lower panel, these data are re-expressed as log ratios of response rates with free food to response rates in the immediately preceding baseline and plotted as functions of time-out food rate. Adapted from Nevin (1974, Experiment 1). Nevin & Grace: Law of Effect 78 BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2000) 23:1Figure 3. Left panel displays average baseline response rates on the right key in three multiple-schedule components. In Component A, reinforcer rate for right-key responses was 15/hour, with 45 reinforcers per hour available concurrently for left-key responses. In Component B, reinforcer rate for right-key responses was 15/hour, and in Component C it was 60/hour; no reinforcers were given for leftkey responses in Components B and C. The right panel displays the slopes of functions characterizing resistance to satiation, resistance to prefeeding, and resistance to extinction in these three components. Standard errors are indicated by the error bars. Adapted from . D'Amato et al. (1958) and several subsequent researchers (see, e.g., vom Saal 1972) have shown that animals respond Nevin & Grace: Law of Effect Abstract: Nevin & Grace's behavioral-momentum model accommodates a large body of data. This commentary highlights some experimental findings that the model does not always predict. The model does not consistently predict resistance to change when response-independent food is delivered simultaneously wit...

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Response strength in open and closed economies

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Tests of Behavior Momentum in Simple and Multiple Schedules With Rats and Pigeons

Tests of Behavior Momentum in Simple and Multiple Schedules With Rats and Pigeons

Open Versus Closed Economies: Performance of Domestic Hens Under Fixed‐ratio Schedules

Happiest thought: Dynamics and behavior

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