Responses of laboratory animals to some injectable anaesthetics

Smith, William

doi:10.1258/002367793781082377

Cited by 64 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Oxygen saturation percentage in males (a) and females (b) for the combination of ketamine and central nervous system depressors at 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,75 tially before the deaths of the three animals began to occur, the group of males to which the diazepam/ ketamine combination was administered being precisely the last one to be evaluated. We agree with (Cruz et al 1998;Arras et al 2001;Orr et al 2005) and recommend the α 2 -agonist combination due to the known analgesic action of this group of drugs, in spite of the combination of xylazine/ketamine as an anaesthetic possibly being combined with an insufficient analgesia in mice (Smith 1993;Flecknell 2009). As a result, only the α 2 -agonist/ketamine combination seems to be adequate, at these doses, for use as an anaesthetic because it prevents pain perception in the animals, the data being the same as those previously reported by other authors (Cruz et al 1998;Arras et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Evaluation of different central nervous system depressors combined with ketamine for anaesthesia in mice

Serrano-Caballero¹,

Molina²,

Lora³

et al. 2013

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to compare some depressors of the central nervous system combined with ketamine in order to find an adequate scombination for anaesthesia in mice, coupled with a simple, easy to use and reliable method. Forty Swiss OF-1 mice (Mus musculus), 20 females and 20 males with a body weight from 35 to 45 g aged from 12 to 16 weeks, were used to evaluate one of the following central nervous system depressors (CNSD): acepromazine (5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg), medetomidine (1 mg/kg), midazolam (5 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) combined with the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine (100 mg/kg) by the intraperitoneal route. Different parameters were evaluated at regular intervals to assess the depth of anaesthesia (time of induction, time of loss and recovery of pedal withdrawal reflex, time of recovery from the anaesthesia), and respiratory and heart rate and oxygen saturation. Most of the assessment times and physiological parameters were exhibited earlier in females than in males but, in most cases, these differences were not significant. The diazepam combination resulted in death in half of the male group. Significant differences for the combination comparison were found for induction, pedal withdrawal reflex and recovery from anaesthesia, as well as for respiratory and heart rate and oxygen saturation. The best results for mice of both genders, i.e. induction, maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia were more stable with α 2 -agonists than with other combinations (benzodiazepines or acepromazine), which did not reach a good anaesthetic level, that is, an adequate anaesthetic plane with an absence of the pedal withdrawal reflex and the maintenance of stable vital constants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…A series of simple tests were carried out on each mouse to evaluate the intensity and duration of the anaesthesia. The indicators were adapted from published protocols (Smith 1993;Flecknell 2009). To reduce sources of variation in response to the stimuli, all tests were conducted and assessed by the same operator.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of different central nervous system depressors combined with ketamine for anaesthesia in mice

Serrano-Caballero¹,

Molina²,

Lora³

et al. 2013

Vet. Med. - Czech

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“…In order to assess the depth and extent of anaesthesia, the pedal withdrawal reflex (PWR) was tested every 5 min after the animal was placed on the homeothermic blanket, alternating between the left and the right limbs, until withdrawal was positive (Alves et al 2007). The indicators were adopted from published protocols (Smith 1993;Whelan and Flecknell 1994;Rebuelto et al 2004;Flecknell 2009). In order to reduce sources of variation in response to the stimuli, all reflex tests were carried out and assessed by the same operator.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A series of simple tests were carried out on each rat to evaluate the intensity and duration of the anaesthesia (Smith 1993;Flecknell 2009). To reduce sources of variation in response to the stimuli, all tests were conducted and assessed by the same operator.…”

Section: Doi: 1017221/8384-vetmedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyses of anaesthesia with ketamine combined with different sedatives in rats

Molina¹,

Moyano²,

Serrano-Rodríguez³

et al. 2015

Vet. Med.

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ABSTRACT:The goal of this study was to establish an easy-to-perform, reliable, and safe protocol for intraperitoneal injection anaesthesia in rats, as well as an easy method to assess anaesthesia depth under routine clinical conditions. Seventy Wistar rats (35 males and 35 females) were used to evaluate intraperitoneal anaesthesia with ketamine (75 mg/kg) combined with one of the following central nervous system depressors: acepromazine (2.5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg), medetomidine (0.5 mg/kg), midazolam (5 mg/kg) and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg). Significant differences were found between the combinations in ataxia, recovery and righting parameters, as well as respiratory and heart rates and haemoglobin saturation by oxygen, whereas significant differences between sexes for the parameters of ataxia, hypnosis, recovery, righting and exploratory behaviour were observed upon waking. The best results for parameters such as induction, and maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia (more regular and stable) were observed with α 2 -agonists: ketamine/xylazine in males and ketamine/medetomidine in females.

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“…However, the sensitivity and specificity of these tests is not certain and variability in responses does occur. 21 Following recovery from anaesthesia, animals were decapitated. The whole brain was quickly isolated and stored at 4~…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium deficiency increases ketamine sensitivity in rats

et al. 1997

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Magnesium deficiency increases ketamine sensitivity in ratsPurpose: Inhibition of the NMDA receptor likely contributes to ketamine's neurodepressive properties, Magnesium also inhibits the NMDA receptor by binding to a site associated with the ketamine-binding domain. Electrophysiological studies suggest that magnesium prevents ketamine from binding to the NMDA receptor and thereby prevents ketarnine inhibition. We undertook an in v/vo study to determine if magnesium defK:iency was associated with an increased sensitivity to ketamine. Methods: Weanling rats were maintained on a Ng2+-deficient or control diet for 14 days, In Study I, rats were anaesthetized then sacrificed and the Mg 2+ concentrations in the brain and plasma were measured. In a second prospective study, experimental animals were rendered hypomagnesaernic and the potency of 125 rng.kg -~/p ketamine was evaluated. Animals were then were fed a Mg 2 § diet and ketarnine sensitivity was re-examined 14 days later. R~ults: The Mg2 § diets rendered the rats hypornagnesaemic as indicated by the brain and plasma concentration of Mg 2+, In Study 2, the time to loss of fighting reflex was shorter: 1.9 4-0.3 rnin (n = 12) and 2.6 4-0.2 rnin (n = 16, P < 0.05), whereas the latency to toe pinch was prolonged: 25.0 -5.8 rnin (n= 12) vs 3. I +-2. I rnin (n = 16, P < 0.05) in the Mg2+-delicient compared with age-matched control animals, respectively. The hypornagnesaemic animals had a higher death rate following ketamine injec'don. The increased sensitivity to ketamine was no longer apparent when the animals were re-tested following replenishment of Mg 2+. Conclusion: Hypornagnesaemia is associated with an increased sensitivity to ketamine.

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Responses of laboratory animals to some injectable anaesthetics

Cited by 64 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluation of different central nervous system depressors combined with ketamine for anaesthesia in mice

Evaluation of different central nervous system depressors combined with ketamine for anaesthesia in mice

Analyses of anaesthesia with ketamine combined with different sedatives in rats

Magnesium deficiency increases ketamine sensitivity in rats

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