Responsivity to Verbal Conditioning as a Function of Emotional Atmosphere and Pattern of Reinforcement

Weiss, Robert; Krasner, Leonard; Ullmann, Leonard P.

doi:10.2466/pr0.1960.6.3.415

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The present study differs from previous ones, however, in the use of Ss who had had maximal academic exposure to verbal condicioning techniques. In the present sample 65% of the Ss showed conditioning (Weiss, et al, 1960), but only 38% of the total sample reported some degree of awareness of the reinforcing contingency. Thus when a majority of Ss, all of whom had had previous academic exposure to verbal conditioning, fail to report awareness in a subsequent conditioning cask, there is serious doubt that reported awareness is a variable of any validity when taken by i t~e l f .…”

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confidence: 69%

“…The students had been required to spend time in ongoing 'The experimental conditions of this smdy were introduced after completion of a number of experimental procedures previously reported by the authors (Weiss, Krasner, & Ullmann, 1960). Therefore the design of the present srudy called for the use of the same Ss.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution of Ss in the 2" factorial conditions was as follows: atmospheres 40, patterns 20, incidental awareness cues 10, and explicit awareness cues 5. The procedures and major findings for Trials 2 through 9 are presented in Weiss, Krasner, and Ullmann ( 1960). Verbal conditioning.-A story-telling procedure was used to provide samples of verbal behavior.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the previous report(Weiss, et al, 1960) a series of own-control ratio scores were presented as individual difference measures. Responsiveness to verbal reinforcement prior to introduction of various experimental variables is referred to as initial responsivity, or A re@.…”

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Responsivity to Verbal Conditioning as a Function of “Awareness”

1961

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Srudies of responsivicy to verbal conditioning have rarely investigated the relationship between S's conditionability and his awareness of the contingency becween his behavior and E's reinforcing behavior. Frequently assumptions are made about the effect of awareness on performance, uiz., either that it facilitates or that it inhibits responsiveness. However, if the results of verbal operant conditioning studies are to shed light on more complex interpersonal siruacions, such as psychotherapy (Krasner, 1955;Frank, 1959), systematic study of che effects of awareness is necessary since awareness or insight is widely held co be a requisite for personalicy change. Aside from such theoretical implications for che study of interpersonal behavior, there are important methodological considerations involving "awareness." For example, at present there is no experimental basis for deciding whether to include or exclude aware Ss when analyzing the data from verbal conditioning studies.The concept of awareness can be defined operationally in many different ways. The presenc authors' position is chac "awareness" is not a single phenomenon, but refers to a complex of different cognitive events. Therefore, in the presenc study, awareness was first investigated as a dependent variable by the technique of reported awareness, which is typical of verbal conditioning studies. Awareness was then treated as an independent variable and was manipulated by means of two different sets of instructions.The issue of whether there can be learning without awareness is not central to the presenc study. The authors' position is similar to that expressed by Adams (1957) and by Eriksen (1960), uzz., that evidence for such learning is equivocal. A review of the verbal conditioning literature suggests few specific hypotheses about the conditions which lead to increased reported awareness. The typical method for collecting data about awareness in verbal conditioning studies has involved open-ended questions after completion of che verbal conditioning procedures (Greenspoon

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confidence: 69%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responsivity to Verbal Conditioning as a Function of “Awareness”

1961

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“…Finally, in order to increase the number of subjects who would report awareness, 80 college students were used who had been exposed to lectures, reading assignments and exercises on verbal conditioning (29). The subjects wcre interviewed after they had undergone one of two different experimental proccdures.…”

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confidence: 99%