Rethinking Environmental Economics: Missing Links between Economic Theory and Environmental Policy

“…For example, "laboratory experiments made clear that the combined impact of the acidifying substances SO 2 ,NO X ,NH 3 and O 3 on plant growth is substantially more severe that the (linear) addition of the impacts of each of these substances alone would be." (Dietz and van der Straaten, 1992). Additive aggregation thus could result in a biased composite indicator, i.e.…”

Section: Additive Aggregation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators

2005

OECD Statistics Working Papers

518

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JT00188147 OECD STATISTICS WORKING PAPER SERIESThe OECD Statistics Working Paper Series -managed by the OECD Statistics Directorate -is designed to make available in a timely fashion and to a wider readership selected studies prepared by staff in the Secretariat or by outside consultants working on OECD projects. The papers included are of a technical, methodological or statistical policy nature and relate to statistical work relevant to the organisation. The Working Papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French -with a summary in the other.Comments on the papers are welcome and should be communicated to the authors or to the OECD Statistics Directorate, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.The opinions expressed in these papers are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of the governments of its Member countries.http://www.oecd.org/std/research STD/DOC(2005)3 3 ABSTRACTThis Handbook aims to provide a guide for constructing and using composite indicators for policy makers, academics, the media and other interested parties. While there are several types of composite indicators, this Handbook is concerned with those which compare and rank country performance in areas such as industrial competitiveness, sustainable development, globalisation and innovation. The Handbook aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of composite indicators and to an improvement of the techniques currently used to build them. In particular, it contains a set of technical guidelines that can help constructors of composite indicators to improve the quality of their outputs.

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“…Application of chemical pesticides causes environmental contamination, insect resistance to pesticides and serious damage to ecological systems (Georghiou ; Metcalf ; Dietz & Van Der Straaten ; Edwards ). Long‐term and large areas of transgenic Bt crops also result in insect resistance to Bt toxins (Bottger et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of RNA interference‐mediated gene silencing in Helicoverpa armigera

Yang

Han

2013

Austral Entomology

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RNA interference (RNAi) holds great potential as a new measure for pest management. However, RNAi effectiveness varies greatly in insects from species to species. Insects in the order Lepidoptera are among the most difficult species for utilisation of RNAi-based methods. In this study, we chose the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera as a target for optimising conditions for RNAi-based gene silencing. We used the gene chitinase as the target since its effectiveness has been demonstrated in many other species previously. We found that the target location has little effect on the efficiency of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced gene silencing as long as it is located within the coding region. The size of the dsRNA must be above 25 bp. The most important factor for higher RNAi efficiency was the dosage of dsRNAs. No silencing effect was observed if dsRNA was less than 0.425 μg/day. A linear increase was observed when dsRNA concentrations increased from 0.425 μg to 10.625 μg/day. Saturation reached at 53.125 μg/day. It was the first report on the optimisation of RNAi conditions in terms of dsRNA target locations, target sizes and dsRNA dosages on the cotton bollworm, and we believe these results should provide a foundation for further research towards utilisation of RNAi-based technologies for the management of this important insect pest. Key wordsdsRNA dose effect, dsRNA position effect, dsRNA size effect, gene silencing, RNA interference. *zjhan@njau.edu.cn bs_bs_banner Austral Entomology (2014) 53, [83][84][85][86][87][88]

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Rethinking Environmental Economics: Missing Links between Economic Theory and Environmental Policy

Cited by 52 publications

References 24 publications

Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation for a Sustainable Economy

Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation for a Sustainable Economy

Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators

Optimisation of RNA interference‐mediated gene silencing in Helicoverpa armigera

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