Retinal Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Systemic Hypoxemia

Abstract

When compared to arterial blood gas analysis of blood samples drawn by arterial puncture, the gold standard in the field, fundus oximetry was found to be in good overall agreement with the arterial blood samples. Blood flow measurements will be needed to determine whether the systemic hypoxia is completely compensated, as suggested by oxygen extraction being comparable between the two groups.

Normative Values and Predictors of Retinal Oxygen Saturation

“…Average SaO 2 was 90.4 ± 4.3% and average SvO 2 was 55.3 ± 7.1% (Table 1). Most previous studies 13,16,17,[22][23][24][25] in normal healthy subjects have yielded similar results for at least one parameter (SaO 2 or SvO 2 ). However, a few other research groups have reported greater SaO 2 and SvO 2 values than those we observed.…”

“…Because the Oxymap software has no built-in normative database, researchers using this technology must establish their own standard normative database. Compared with earlier studies 13,16,17,[22][23][24][25] that have reported normal values of human retinal SO 2 , our normative database is more generalizable because it includes subjects from diverse ethnic backgrounds.…”

The Systemic Blood Pressure and Oxygen Saturation in Retinal Arterioles Predict the Effect of Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Treatment on Diabetic Maculopathy

“…The arterial blood leaving the heart is nearly fully saturated with oxygen, and the lower arterial oxygen saturation in the retina is assumed to be due to countercurrent exchange in the optic nerve, where the central retinal artery and vein are adjacently located over a distance of several centimeters. 22,23 The amount of oxygen and other compounds exchanged between the central retinal arteriole and venule in the optic nerve will depend on the amount of blood per time unit exposed to the diffusion area between the vessels, and an increased arterial oxygen saturation in retinal vessels, therefore, can be interpreted as a consequence of increased flow rate in the central retinal vessels. A higher retinal blood flow combined with increased arterial blood pressure and impaired retinal pressure autoregulation 24 may increase the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and the stress on the walls may counteract the tightening effect of anti-VEGF medication on the blood-retina barrier.…”

Measurement of Retinal Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

“…In a recent study, it was demonstrated that in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, a cyanotic cardiac defect, retinal arterial oxygen saturation was lower compared with that in healthy subjects. 21 In our approach, we set out to measure oxygen tension in patients with chronic hypoxia with and without additional oxygen supplementation. All patients under study used a portable oxygen concentrator for the sustained delivery of highly concentrated oxygen.…”