RETRACTED: Amitriptyline-Based Biodegradable PEG-PLGA Self-Assembled Nanoparticles Accelerate Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

Abstract

The aim of this work was to study the healing activity of amitriptyline (Amitrip) in rat diabetic wounds. A nanoformula of the drug was prepared as Amitrip-based biodegradable PEG-PLGA self-assembled nanoparticles (Amitrip-NPs) with a mean particle size of 67.4 nm. An in vivo investigation was conducted to evaluate the wound-healing process of Amitrip-NPs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Wound contraction was accelerated in rats treated with Amitrip-NPs. Histological examinations confirmed these findings, with expedited remodeling and collagen deposition in the NPs-treated animals. The formula showed anti-inflammatory activities as demonstrated by inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, as well as enhanced expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10). In addition, Amitrip-NPs protected against malondialdehyde (MDA) buildup and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymatic exhaustion. The pro-collagen activity of Amitrip-NPs was confirmed by the observed enhancement of hydroxyproline wounded skin content, upregulation of Col 1A1 mRNA expression and immune expression of collagen type IV expression. Further, Amitrip-NPs significantly increased expression transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31). In conclusion, the developed Amitrip-NPs expedited wound healing in diabetic rats. This involves anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, pro-collagen and angiogenic activities of the prepared NPs. This opens the gate for evaluating the usefulness of other structurally related tricyclic antidepressants in diabetic wounds.

RETRACTED: Asfour et al. Amitriptyline-Based Biodegradable PEG-PLGA Self-Assembled Nanoparticles Accelerate Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 1792

“…Adhering to our complaints procedure, an investigation was conducted, which confirmed the duplication of Figure 1A in [1] with parts of Figure 5A in [2], Figure 2A in [3], and Figure 3A in [4], presenting different experimental conditions. Furthermore, the sub-figures overlapped in Figure 3 in [1], although they had different coloration.…”

“…Pharmaceutics retracted the article “Amitriptyline-Based Biodegradable PEG-PLGA Self-Assembled Nanoparticles Accelerate Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats” [ 1 ] cited above. Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the publisher regarding the duplication of images.…”

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizininate Improves Skin Wound Healing by Modulating Inflammatory Process

“…It has been reported that increased Col-1 expression and hydroxyproline levels were found during proliferation and remodeling (7 and 14 days) and inflammation and remodeling (3 and 14 days), respectively, in the healing of diabetic rats treated with calcium alginate [ 125 ]. Additionally, it was shown that the application of amitriptyline-based nanoparticles (Amitrip) to diabetic rat wounds could quicken tissue remodeling by increasing hydroxyproline levels and collagen deposition due to up-regulation of Vegf and Col-1 [ 126 ]. In our study, we observed a higher level of synthesis of total collagen in animals treated during proliferation and remodeling (7 and 14 days) ( Figure 3 A), as well as a higher level of expression of Col-1 in animals treated during remodeling (14 days) ( Figure 4 I).…”

RETRACTED: Alhakamy et al. Fluoxetine Ecofriendly Nanoemulsion Enhances Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats: In Vivo Efficacy Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 1133

“…Adhering to our complaints procedure, an investigation was conducted that confirmed the duplication of Figure 5A in [1] with parts of Figure 1A of [2], Figure 2A of [3] and Figure 3A [4], presenting different experimental conditions.…”