RETRACTED ARTICLE: Hybrid Speech Steganography System using SS-RDWT with IPDP-MLE approach

Abstract

In the last two decades, it has been observed that there have been remarkable advancements in digital media communication. It has lots of advantages and business potential as it needs no physical media or transport. However, digital media can also create several big problems for media owners due to unauthorized use, ease of replication, plasticity, and equivalence of works in digital form. The possible solution is to secure digital media by cover writing which can also referred as steganography. Therefore, this article focusing on development of hybrid speech steganography system using spread spectrum-based redundant discrete wavelet transform (SS-RDWT). In general, speech steganography utilizes cover speech to embed the secrete message, however, the cover speech might be larger in size and contains many pauses, which requires more storage capacity, higher computational time, and even higher power usage results in system performance degradation. Hence, in addition to the proposed SS-RDWT approach, an intelligent pause detection protocol (IPDP) with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) technique is employed for removing pause from cover speech signal, which reduces the transmission bandwidth, storage capacity and power consumption as well. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed hybrid steganography using integrated SS-RDWT with IPDP-MLE approach obtained superior performance as compared to state-of-art approaches.

The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons’ Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Fecal Incontinence

“…Fecal incontinence (FI) is generally defined as the uncontrolled passage of feces for a duration of at least 3 months in an individual who previously had control. 1,2 The prevalence of FI varies widely depending on the specific definition used and the population surveyed, ranging between 1.4% and 18% in women. [3][4][5][6][7][8] A study of bowel function in a primary care network found the incidence of FI to be 12.5%, with many patients reporting moderate to severe FI (Vaizey score more than 8).…”

“…5 The management of FI is challenging and needs to be individualized according to the severity of symptoms, cause, and coexisting pathology. 2,[13][14][15][16][17] Aside from conservative and supportive measures, several surgical interventions are available to treat FI with variable efficacy. This practice guideline reviews the medical and surgical options currently available for the management of patients with FI.…”