RETRACTED ARTICLE: pH-responsive CAP-co-poly(methacrylic acid)-based hydrogel as an efficient platform for controlled gastrointestinal delivery: fabrication, characterization, in vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation

Abstract

Cellulose acetate phthalate-based pH-responsive hydrogel was synthesized for fabrication of polymeric matrix tablets for gastro-protective delivery of loxoprofen sodium. Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) was cross-linked with methacrylic acid (MAA) using free radical polymerization technique. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the formation of cross-linked structure of CAP-co-poly(methacrylic acid). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the thermal stability of polymeric networks, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS) images unveiled that the prepared formulations were porous in nature and thus the developed formulations had shown better diffusibility. Swelling and in vitro drug release was performed at various pHs and maximum swelling and release was obtained at pH 7.4, while swelling and release rate was very low at pH 1.2 which confirmed the pH-responsive behavior of CAP-co-poly(MAA). CAP-co-poly(MAA) copolymer prevents the release of loxoprofen sodium into the stomach due to reduced swelling at gastric pH while showing significant swelling and drug release in the colon. Cytotoxicity studies revealed higher biocompatibility of fabricated hydrogel. Acute oral toxicity studies were performed for the evaluation and preliminary screening of safety profile of the developed hydrogels. Matrix tablets were evaluated for release behavior at simulated body pH. The investigations performed for analysis of hydrogels and fabricated matrix tablets indicated the controlled drug release and gastro-protective drug delivery of CAP-co-poly(MAA) hydrogels and pH-sensitive matrix tablets for targeted delivery of gastro-sensitive/irritative agents. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

<p>Potential Applications of Nanomaterials and Technology for Diabetic Wound Healing</p>

“…46 Due to the presence of chemical or physical cross-links, they are able to swell and retain large amounts of water, and preserving their structural and dimensional constrained integrity. 47 Hydrogels are biocompatible and biodegradable materials and have been used in cell therapy, drug delivery, biosensing, tissue engineering and wound healing [226][227][228][229] (Table 8).…”

Multifunctional Biopolymers‐Based Composite Materials for Biomedical Applications: A Systematic Review

“…Biopolymers based hydrogels are biodegradable and biocompatible materials having potential in drug delivery applications and already reported in tissue engineering, ophthalmic, cell encapsulation, and wound healing [1] . The structural morphology demonstrate that macromolecular polymer gels formulated of cross‐linked polymer networks exhibit effectiveness towards various requisitions [212–215] . Pietramaggiori et al fabricated a matrix system through Poly‐N‐acetyl glucosamine hydrogel obtained from microalgae [216] .…”

“…Pietramaggiori et al fabricated a matrix system through Poly‐N‐acetyl glucosamine hydrogel obtained from microalgae [216] . The developed hydrogel matrix is approved by Food and Drug Administration for treating the patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers [215–217] . It has been reported that hydrogels is found proficient towards the healing capability of wounds with lowest exudates.…”

“…[1] The structural morphology demonstrate that macromolecular polymer gels formulated of cross-linked polymer networks exhibit effectiveness towards various requisitions. [212][213][214][215] Pietramaggiori et al fabricated a matrix system through Poly-N-acetyl glucosamine hydrogel obtained from microalgae. [216] The developed hydrogel matrix is approved by Food and Drug Administration for treating the patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers.…”

“…[216] The developed hydrogel matrix is approved by Food and Drug Administration for treating the patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers. [215][216][217] It has been reported that hydrogels is found proficient towards the healing capability of wounds with lowest exudates. Furthermore, the sufficient moisture capacity is a prominent feature of hydrogel for efficient healing of the concerned tissues.…”