RETRACTED ARTICLE: Targeted immune therapy of ovarian cancer

Abstract

Clinical outcomes, such as recurrence free survival and overall survival, in ovarian cancer are quite variable, independent of common characteristics such as stage, response to therapy and grade. This disparity in outcomes warrants further exploration and therapeutic targeting into the interaction between the tumor and host. One compelling host characteristic that contributes both to the initiation and progression of ovarian cancer is the immune system. Hundreds of studies have confirmed a prominent role for the immune system in modifying the clinical course of the disease. Recent studies also show that anti-tumor immunity is often negated by immune regulatory cells present in the tumor microenvironment. Regulatory immune cells also directly enhance the pathogenesis through the release of various cytokines and chemokines, which together form an integrated pathologic network. Thus, in the future, research into immunotherapy targeting ovarian cancer will probably become increasingly focused on combination approaches that simultaneously augment immunity while preventing local immune suppression. In this article, we summarize important immunological targets that influence ovarian cancer outcome as well as include an update on newer immunotherapeutic strategies.

Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of soluble human leukocyte antigen, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 10 in patients with selected ovarian pathologies

“…This results primarily from problems with identification of high risk groups, asymptomatic character of the disease at its early stages and lack of sufficiently specific and sensitive tests suitable for population based screening. In line with current standards, aside from clinical examination and imaging studies, evaluation of patients with suspected ovarian masses should also include determination of cancer markers [13]. …”

“…TNF-alpha interacts with cancer cells via its specific receptor; this results in activation of arachidonic acid cascade, enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species inside the cell and its death. However, this effect requires expression of specific receptors for TNF-alpha on the surface of cancer cells; otherwise this cytokine acts solely as an immunomodulatory agent [13]. …”

Potentialization of N-a-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) cytotoxic activity by 2-(1-adamantylamino)-6-methylpyridine (AdAMP) in human ovarian cancer cells

“…In target therapy the complementary response to different agents usually includes interfering with different stages of cell signaling what in turn results in augmenting or silencing the desired reaction [24].…”

Characterization of Са2+,Мg2+-ATPase of blood lymphocytes in women with ovarian cancer

“…Others cells help the latter kill cancer cells (T-helpers). It is believed that the presence or absence of certain groups of T-lymphocytes, is associated with important differences in the prediction of the development of ovarian cancer in patients (Gavalas et al, 2010;Knutson et al, 2015;Krishnan et al, 2017).…”