RETRACTED ARTICLE: The dynamics among poverty, vulnerability, and resilience: evidence from coastal Bangladesh

Mapping Cross-Boundary Climate Change Vulnerability—Case Study of the Hualien and Taitung Area, Taiwan

“…At the same time when assessing vulnerability and climate risks, the limits of adaptation and climate resilience approaches and transformation roles are addressed. In short, among various climate change concepts, vulnerability, adaptation and resilience are key attributes, and they have been critical concepts in relation to climate change and disaster-related issues [1,[10][11][12].…”

“…Due to increased frequency and severity of climate change and environmental disasters in recent years, traditional environmental impact studies have gradually transformed into vulnerability and resilience (i.e., adaptability) studies [1]. That is, recent studies have focused on methods of assessing the capacity of a society to continue operations after it has been impacted by disasters, and its capacity to recover after the impact [5,12,[15][16][17].…”

“…The core of social vulnerability is social system status before a disaster occurs [1,12]. Social vulnerability, a universal standard, is applied when managing disasters and climate change in certain regions [22].…”

“…Vulnerability is also dynamic, because it will change according to the change of biophysical and socio-economic attributes [20]. Moreover, a more comprehensive and integrated interpretation of the vulnerability concept can be depicted as a function of three inter-related elements: exposure, sensitivity and adaptable capacity [1,17,20,23].…”

“…Not only will global warming cause uncertainty, it will also impact our daily lives differently [1][2][3][4]. To minimize these impacts, the United Nations proposed two major strategies: mitigation and adaptation [4,5].…”