“…[1][2][3][4] Nevertheless, the large-scale production of H 2 by light demands an efficient, durable and economical photocatalyst. Semiconductors (e.g., TiO 2 , 5,6 nanostructured chalcogenides, [7][8][9][10][11] graphitic carbon nitride, 12,13 etc.) with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties are widely applied in optoelectronic semiconductor devices, energy storage and photocatalysis.…”