RETRACTED: Chitosan-Coated Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Paclitaxel Nanoparticles Enhance Anti-Tumor Efficacy Against Osteosarcoma

Abstract

Objective: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2) nanoparticles have been widely explored in the prevention of cancer risk. Due to the difficult solubility of TiO 2 nanoparticles, it is essential to synthesize new surfactants to increase its bioavailability and anti-tumor activity and reduce its cytotoxicity. Furthermore, oxidative and inflammation are closely associated with the osteosarcoma risk. Chitosan has biocompatibility, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The effects of chitosan-coated TiO 2-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles on an osteosarcoma model were explored. Methods: An osteosarcoma model was established and chitosan-coated TiO 2embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles were prepared using a freeze-drying strategy. The morphological characteristics of nanoparticles were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties of nanoparticle were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity was tested by using human osteoblast cells hFob1.19 and osteosarcoma cells 143B. Osteosarcoma mice were treated with PBS buffer, paclitaxel, TiO 2embedded paclitaxel and chitosan-coated TiO 2-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles. The biomarkers of oxidative-inflammatory status, anti-tumor activities and survival rates of the model were measured. Results: XRD analysis showed that the peaks of chitosan/TiO 2 (anatase) were consistent with those of crystalline TiO 2 and broad phase of chitosan. The FTIR spectrum indicated the relevant functional groups in TiO 2. Chitosan-coated TiO 2embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles had good biocompatibility and improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in the osteosarcoma model. Chitosan-coated TiO 2embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles was less toxic to the cells hFob1.19 and more toxic to the cells 143B than TiO 2-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles. Chitosan-coated TiO 2embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles showed significant antitumor activity and increased the survival rate of the osteosarcoma model (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Chitosan improved anti-tumor potential of TiO 2-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles in the prevention of osteosarcoma.

Ultrastructural analysis of zinc oxide nanospheres enhances anti-tumor efficacy against Hepatoma

“…Treatment of HuH7 and Vero cells with different concentrations as well as different times confirmed that the ZnO nanospheres have a less adverse effect on normal cells. Importantly, the apoptosis process depends on the activation of caspase, which is considered a hallmark of apoptosis ( 56 ). Indeed, caspase results emphasized that caspase induces the apoptotic mechanism.…”

“…The second mechanism is the intrinsic pathway that depends on the pro and anti-apoptotic pathways of Bcl-2 family proteins. Furthermore, the mitochondrial cytochrome C release facilitates the formation of the apoptosome complex that cleaves and activates the effector caspase ( 56 , 59 ). Also, there is another approach to inducing apoptosis by activating P53 to engage the mitochondria and release cytochrome C. Caspase 3 assay displayed that the mechanism of zinc oxide nanosphere is an extrinsic pathway that depends on ligation of the death receptor family, followed by the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex that leads to the activation of caspase ( 59 ).…”

Biological Function of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA) Xist

“…Growing evidence from recent studies has shown that lncRNA Xist is aberrantly regulated in osteosarcoma. LncRNA Xist, which participated in osteosarcoma development processes, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, and apoptosis, is involved in gene regulation through a variety of mechanisms, primarily by functioning as a miRNA sponge and via interacting with its targets ( Li et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2019f ; Han and Shen, 2020 ), such as miR-153/SNAI1 pathway ( Wen et al, 2020 ), EZH2, PUMA, and NF-kB ( Xu T. et al, 2017 ; Gao et al, 2019 ).…”

Diverse biotechnological applications of multifunctional titanium dioxide nanoparticles: An up‐to‐date review

“…Furthermore, an antitumour potential of TiO 2 NPs loaded with paclitaxel was enhanced due to the incorporation of chitosan owing to its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant properties against osteosarcoma [ 28 ]. In another report, hollow TiO 2 nanotubes were used along with iron oxide NPs as a nanocarrier through thermal annealing for magnetic guidance and drug delivery.…”