[Retracted] CRISPR‐Cas System: An Adaptive Immune System’s Association with Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis

Abstract

Several factors are involved in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pose a serious threat to public health safety. Among them, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat- (CRISPR-) Cas system, an adaptive immune system, is thought to be involved in the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The current study was aimed at determining not only the presence of antibiotic resistance and CRISPR-Cas system but also their association with each other in Salmonella enteritidis isolated from the commercial poultry. A total of 139 samples were collected from poultry birds sold at the live bird markets of Lahore City, and both phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to determine antimicrobial resistance. The presence of the CRISPR-Cas system was determined by PCR, followed by sequencing. All isolates of S. enteritidis (100%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, whereas 95% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Five multidrug-resistant isolates (MDR) such as S. enteritidis isolate (S. E1, S. E2, S. E4, S. E5, and S. E8) were found in the present study. The CRISPR-Cas system was detected in all of these MDR isolates, and eight spacers were detected within the CRISPR array. In addition, an increased expression of CRISPR-related genes was observed in the standard strain and MDR S. enteritidis isolates. The association of the CRISPSR-Cas system with multiple drug resistance highlights the exogenous acquisition of genes by horizontal transfer. The information could be used further to combat antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Salmonella.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium isolated from retail chicken meat in Wasit markets, Iraq

“…Results showed that most isolates showed low resistance to GEN and CIP, up to (15.8%), in line with the previous findings [16,[38][39][40]. In contrast, the results were lower than those of Yang et al [33] in China.…”

“…Results revealed that most isolates exhibited resistance to NAL, COT, and TET with a prevalence of 63.2% to 73.7%, which was nearly similar to the Myanmar findings of chicken meat-resistant isolates to COT up to 70.3% [ 37 ] but higher than the resistance in Salmonella isolated from raw poultry to COT in China as 56.6% [ 33 ]. High resistance to NAL and TET has previously been recorded in Korea [ 38 ] and Pakistan [ 39 ]. Results also revealed somewhat high resistance to AMP, ATM, and CHL, ranging from 36.8% to 47.4%, and high resistance to AMP and CHL was previously reported [ 33 , 38 , 39 ].…”

Association of CRISPR-Cas System with the Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Nosocomial Isolates of Enterococcus

“…The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) system is an acquired immune defense system with immune memory in prokaryotic genomes, which can effectively resist the acquisition of foreign mobile gene elements such as plasmids or phages to maintain the stability of bacterial genomes. 9 , 10 CRISPR-Cas system is one of the factors limiting the development and evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance. 11 CRISPR-Cas is considered as a natural barrier to horizontal gene transfer and transmission of antibiotic resistance.…”

The DNA Phosphorothioation Restriction-Modification System Influences the Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogenic Bacteria

“…Studies have shown that the Me R-M system and the CRISPR-Cas system limit the antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae and E. coli ( 12 , 48 – 50 ). However, for S. enterica , although CRISPR-Cas has been shown to be associated with antimicrobial resistance ( 51 ), the Me R-M system has limited impact on genetic evolution ( 25 ). The differences in the effect of bacterial defense systems on bacterial resistance between bacteria may be related to the characteristics of the bacteria themselves.…”