Retracted: LPA2 Is Required for Efficient Assembly of Photosystem II in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Ma, Jinfang; Peng, Lianwei; Guo, J.; Lu, Qingtao; Lu, Congming; Zhang, Lixin

doi:10.1105/tpc.107.050526

Cited by 70 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…All samples contained equal amounts of wheat germ extract. The samples were separated on 6-12% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels 57 , and the resolved protein complexes were visualized by autoradiography.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LTD is a protein required for sorting light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins to the chloroplast SRP pathway

Ouyang

et al. 2011

Nat Commun

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Higher plants require chloroplasts for essential functions in photosynthesis and other important physiological processes, such as sugar, lipid and amino-acid biosynthesis. most chloroplast proteins are nuclear-encoded proteins that are synthesized in the cytosol as precursors, and imported into chloroplasts by protein translocases in the outer and inner chloroplast envelope. The imported chloroplast proteins are then translocated into or across the thylakoid membrane by four distinct pathways. However, the mechanisms by which the imported nuclear-encoded proteins are delivered to these pathways remain largely unknown. Here we show that an Arabidopsis ankyrin protein, LTD (mutation of which causes the light-harvesting chlorophyllbinding protein translocation defect), is localized in the chloroplast and using yeast two-hybrid screens demonstrate that LTD interacts with both proteins from the signal recognition particle (sRP) pathway and the inner chloroplast envelope. our study shows that LTD is essential for the import of light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins and subsequent routing of these proteins to the chloroplast sRP-dependent pathway.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LTD is a protein required for sorting light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins to the chloroplast SRP pathway

Ouyang

et al. 2011

Nat Commun

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“…Together these proteins appear to be specifically involved in the folding and assembly of CP43 within PSII (Cai et al, 2010). In the absence of LPA2 newly synthesized CP43 is rapidly degraded and there is a defect in PSII supercomplex formation (Ma et al, 2007). LPA2 is only present in plants and absent in Chlamydomonas and cyanobacteria, suggesting that it evolved after the divergence of the land plant lineage or that it was lost in the other lineages.…”

Section: Psii Assembly Degradation and Repairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembly of the Photosynthetic Apparatus

Rochaix

2011

Plant Physiology

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The primary reactions of photosynthesis are mediated by three protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. These complexes are PSII, the cytochrome b 6 f complex (Cytb 6 f), and PSI, which are connected in series through the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Light energy captured by the light-harvesting systems of PSII (LHCII) and PSI (LHCI) is transferred to the reaction center chlorophylls to create a charge separation across the membrane. This leads to the formation of a strong oxidant on the donor side of PSII capable of splitting water into molecular oxygen, protons, and electrons. The electrons are transferred stepwise from PSII to the plastoquinone pool, Cytb 6 f, plastocyanin, and PSI where a second charge separation creates a strong reductant capable of reducing ferredoxin that subsequently reduces NADP + to NADPH. Besides this linear electron pathway there is a cyclic pathway in which electrons are cycled around PSI through the Cytb 6 f complex. The electron transfer reactions are coupled to proton pumping into the lumen space of the thylakoids and the resulting pH gradient drives the ATP synthase for ATP production. Ultimately NADPH and ATP are used for CO 2 assimilation by the Calvin-Benson cycle. Thylakoid membranes of land plants are organized in two domains, the grana stacks, comprising 80% of the membrane, and the stromal nonappressed membranes that connect different grana stacks. The photosynthetic complexes with exception of Cytb 6 f, are not distributed evenly through the thylakoid membrane system. Whereas PSII is mostly confined to the grana regions, PSI and ATP synthase are located in the stroma lamellae. Electron transfer between these complexes is mediated by the diffusible electron carriers plastoquinone and plastocyanin.A characteristic feature of the photosynthetic complexes is that they all consist of numerous chloroplast and nucleus-encoded subunits. In the case of PSII, PSI, and Cytb 6 f these complexes contain in addition pigments such as chlorophylls and xanthophylls as well as hemes, quinones, and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers that act as redox cofactors. Hence the biogenesis of the photosynthetic apparatus involves a concerted interplay between the chloroplast and nucleocytosolic genetic systems as well as a tight coordination between protein and pigment synthesis and insertion into the thylakoid membranes. Analysis of numerous mutants affected in photosynthetic activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and Zea mays has provided many new insights into the assembly of the photosynthetic complexes (Barkan and Goldschmidt-Clermont, 2000;Eberhard et al., 2008).A remarkable feature of photosynthetic organisms is their ability to adapt to changing light conditions, which is reflected in changes in the organization of the photosynthetic complexes. This Update reviews recent advances in our understanding of the assembly of these complexes and for some of them, their remodeling and/or reversible association into supercomplexes...

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“…Error bars indicate SD. the photosynthetic apparatus) will result in reduced chloroplast production and decreased chlorophyll levels (Ishizaki et al, 2005;Ma et al, 2007;). To get direct insight into the function of the GNC/CGA1 family, we expressed GNC and CGA1 as GFP fusion proteins in stable transgenic plants using the CaMV 35S promoter, which results in high-level, ubiquitous expression in Arabidopsis.…”

Section: Gnc and Cga1 Regulate Chlorophyll Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of the GATA Transcription Factors GNC and CGA1 Reveals Their Key Role in Chloroplast Development, Growth, and Division in Arabidopsis

et al. 2012

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Chloroplasts develop from proplastids in a process that requires the interplay of nuclear and chloroplast genomes, but key steps in this developmental process have yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that the nucleus-localized transcription factors GATA NITRATE-INDUCIBLE CARBON-METABOLISM-INVOLVED (GNC) and CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA1 (CGA1) regulate chloroplast development, growth, and division in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). GNC and CGA1 are highly expressed in green tissues, and the phytohormone cytokinin regulates their expression. A gnc cga1 mutant exhibits a reduction in overall chlorophyll levels as well as in chloroplast size in the hypocotyl. Ectopic overexpression of either GNC or CGA1 promotes chloroplast biogenesis in hypocotyl cortex and root pericycle cells, based on increases in the number and size of the chloroplasts, and also results in expanded zones of chloroplast production into the epidermis of hypocotyls and cotyledons and into the cortex of roots. Ectopic overexpression also promotes the development of etioplasts from proplastids in dark-grown seedlings, subsequently enhancing the deetiolation process. Inducible expression of GNC demonstrates that GNCmediated chloroplast biogenesis can be regulated postembryonically, notably so for chloroplast production in cotyledon epidermal cells. Analysis of the gnc cga1 loss-of-function and overexpression lines supports a role for these transcription factors in regulating the effects of cytokinin on chloroplast division. These data support a model in which GNC and CGA1 serve as two of the master transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis, acting downstream of cytokinin and mediating the development of chloroplasts from proplastids and enhancing chloroplast growth and division in specific tissues.

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Retracted: LPA2 Is Required for Efficient Assembly of Photosystem II in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 70 publications

References 69 publications

LTD is a protein required for sorting light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins to the chloroplast SRP pathway

LTD is a protein required for sorting light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins to the chloroplast SRP pathway

Assembly of the Photosynthetic Apparatus

Functional Characterization of the GATA Transcription Factors GNC and CGA1 Reveals Their Key Role in Chloroplast Development, Growth, and Division in Arabidopsis

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