RETRACTED: Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as a Vehicle for Cytokine Delivery: An Emerging Approach for Tumor Immunotherapy

Abstract

Pro-inflammatory cytokines can effectively be used for tumor immunotherapy, affecting every step of the tumor immunity cycle. Thereby, they can restore antigen priming, improve the effector immune cell frequencies in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and eventually strengthen their cytolytic function. A renewed interest in the anticancer competencies of cytokines has resulted in a substantial promotion in the number of trials to address the safety and efficacy of cytokine-based therapeutic options. However, low response rate along with the high toxicity associated with high-dose cytokine for reaching desired therapeutic outcomes negatively affect their clinical utility. Recently, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) due to their pronounced tropism to tumors and also lower immunogenicity have become a promising vehicle for cytokine delivery for human malignancies. MSC-based delivery of the cytokine can lead to the more effective immune cell-induced antitumor response and provide sustained release of target cytokines, as widely evidenced in a myriad of xenograft models. In the current review, we offer a summary of the novel trends in cytokine immunotherapy using MSCs as a potent and encouraging carrier for antitumor cytokines, focusing on the last two decades' animal reports.

Targeting Brain Tumors with Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Experimental Model of the Orthotopic Glioblastoma in Rats

“…Currently, stem cell-based therapies are one of the most important emerging medical fields indifferent pathophysiological conditions and diseases, such as cardio-vascular diseases [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], autoimmune diseases [ 29 , 30 ], hereditary genetic conditions [ 31 ], and cancer [ 32 , 33 ]. Mesenchymal stem cells have attracted an increased attention as cellular vehicles for cancer therapy due to their low immunogenicity, fast ex vivo expansion, and inherent tumor-tropism and migratory properties.…”

SARS-CoV-2 triggering autoimmune diseases

“…Then antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells can endocytose released viral particles and present peptide antigens to CD4 + T cells by MHC class II. Activated CD4 + T cells, as a central mediator, are involved in pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, macrophage activation, CD8 + T cells priming, promoting B cells to antibody production and targeting the SARS-CoV-2 [40] , [41] . The antibody often interacts misleadingly with the host surface proteins in a phenomenon called “Molecular mimicry” ( Figure 1 ) (42) .…”

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their exosome in acute liver failure (ALF): a comprehensive review

“…Exosome are mainly produced by a diversity of human cells, such as stem/stromal cells, immune cells, and tumor cells [ 100 ]. They include several biological components, more importantly, miRNAs, proteins, lipids and mRNAs, as cargo [ 101 , 102 ]. The production and secretion procedure of exosome consists of three chief steps: (1) creation of endocytic vesicles through invagination of the plasma membrane, (2) creation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) upon endosomal membranes’ inward budding, and (3) incorporation of created MVBs with the plasma membrane and releases of the vesicular contents termed exosomes [ 14 , 18 ].…”