RETRACTED: Soil Microbiome Manipulation Gives New Insights in Plant Disease-Suppressive Soils from the Perspective of a Circular Economy: A Critical Review

Abstract

This review pays attention to the newest insights on the soil microbiome in plant disease-suppressive soil (DSS) for sustainable plant health management from the perspective of a circular economy that provides beneficial microbiota by recycling agro-wastes into the soil. In order to increase suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens, the main goal of this paper is to critically discuss and compare the potential use of reshaped soil microbiomes by assembling different agricultural practices such as crop selection; land use and conservative agriculture; crop rotation, diversification, intercropping and cover cropping; compost and chitosan application; and soil pre-fumigation combined with organic amendments and bio-organic fertilizers. This review is seen mostly as a comprehensive understanding of the main findings regarding DSS, starting from the oldest concepts to the newest challenges, based on the assumption that sustainability for soil quality and plant health is increasingly viable and supported by microbiome-assisted strategies based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods that characterize in depth the soil bacterial and fungal communities. This approach, together with the virtuous reuse of agro-wastes to produce in situ green composts and organic bio-fertilizers, is the best way to design new sustainable cropping systems in a circular economy system. The current knowledge on soil-borne pathogens and soil microbiota is summarized. How microbiota determine soil suppression and what NGS strategies are available to understand soil microbiomes in DSS are presented. Disturbance of soil microbiota based on combined agricultural practices is deeply considered. Sustainable soil microbiome management by recycling in situ agro-wastes is presented. Afterwards, how the resulting new insights can drive the progress in sustainable microbiome-based disease management is discussed.

Designing a synthetic microbial community devoted to biological control: The case study of Fusarium wilt of banana

“…Due to its size, such a community should be expected to efficiently compete with the target pathogen. Our idea was to mimic a natural microbiota manipulated by agricultural practices to favor its beneficial portion (hence not only highly effective antagonists) and suppress plant pathogens (Orozco-Mosqueda et al, 2018;Compant et al, 2019;De Corato, 2020, 2021. A second synthetic microbial community, SynCom 1.1, was constructed with the most effective isolates (seven).…”

Designing an energy efficient, economically feasible, and environmentally robust integrated farming system model for sustainable food production in the Indian Himalayas

“…Thus, gaseous loss of nitrogen from the manure system is an imperative step for assessing the quantity of nitrogen available in manure. The CH 4 emission by enteric fermentation and the manure management system was estimated as per eqn (17) In the present study, the manure was stored as a heap on the open ground. The emission of CH 4 during manure management was calculated using the tier I approach.…”

“…16,[28][29][30] Annualy, global agricultural production systems generates about 4.6 billion tonnes of utilizable agri-residue. 17,31 About 500 Tg crop residues are generated by Indian agriculture every year, out of which more than 25% are burnt on the farm. 28 Dumping/burning of agricultural waste not only deteriorates soil fertility but also negatively affects the environmental quality.…”

“…= n × EF(17) where CH 4 enteric = methane emissions from enteric fermentation, kg CH 4 year −1 , n = number of dairy cattle, and EF = CH 4 emission factor for the Indian subcontinent (58 kg CH 4 per head per year is for milking cows)…”

Soil and plant health in relation to dynamic sustainment of Eh and pH homeostasis: A review

“…While soil suppressiveness is mainly derived from the biological functions of soils (Toyota and Shirai 2018;Steinberg et al 2019;De Corato 2021), there is plenty of evidence showing the role of both biotic and abiotic factors in disease suppression (Schneider 1982). Chemical and physical components of soil, including pH, organic matter and clay content, can operate in the suppression of plant diseases directly or indirectly through their impact on soil microbial activity (Smiley and Cook 1972;Chandrashekara et al 2012).…”