“…To overcome the restriction of the prediction precision of RA, this study employed CNN to predict the UCS of sandy dolomite. The CNN originated in the 1980s (Rumelhart et al, 1986), and then has been widely applied, i.e., civil and mining engineering and detection (Huang et al, 2018a;Karimpouli et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2020), rock properties (physico-mechanical properties, chemical compositions, permeability, porosity, rock mass strength, macro and micro image recognition) (Alzubaidi et al, 2022;Bergen et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2021a;Chen et al, 2021b;Ferreira and Giraldi, 2017;Huang et al, 2018b;Karimpouli and Tahmasebi, 2019;Niu et al, 2020;Sidorenko et al, 2021;Tang et al, 2022;Tian et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2021;Wu et al, 2018;Zhou et al, 2022). The CNN-based analysis method for the prediction of the UCS of sandy dolomite has not been reported yet.…”