Returning Athletes Back to High School Sports in the COVID-19 Era: Preparing for the Fall

Asif, Irfan M.; Chang, Cindy J.; Diamond, Alex B.; Raukar, Neha P.; Zaremski, Jason L.

doi:10.1177/1941738120953851

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Firstly, it is already known that having an illness affects the psychology of patients negatively (Roesch and Weiner 2001;Scarella et al 2019). Secondly, athletes who had positive COVID-19 test results were not only affected by the illness, but also by detraining due to time avoiding sport while they recovered (Asif et al 2020). We think that detraining has an important role in the psychological states of athletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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The psychological impact of COVID-19 infection on athletes: example of professional male football players

Lima

Denerel²,

Öz

et al. 2021

Science and Medicine in Football

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychological state of professional male football players who were infected by COVID-19. Method: The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were sent to players' smartphones by sharing a link to the questionnaire. A total of 523 professional football players aged between 18-38 years from 93 different sports clubs participated in the study. The players were divided into 2 groups according to Sars-COV-2 PCR test results. Results: Depression, anxiety, stress, and psychological distress scores of football players who were infected by COVID-19 were higher compared to players who were not infected by COVID-19 (all p < 0.001). Depression, stress, and psychological distress scores were higher for football players with higher loss of income than players with lower loss of income (p = 0.017, p = 0.007, p = 0.005, respectively). There were significant differences in anxiety, depression, and psychological distress scores in favor of the 18-22-year age group (p = 0.002, p = 0.009, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusion: COVID-19 infection negatively affects the psychological states of football players. The psychological states of professional football players who were infected by COVID-19 should be monitored closely and psychological support should be provided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Several matches were postponed due to the positive COVID-19 test results of team members. During this process, athletes who had positive COVID-19 PCR test results may become deconditioned not only because of the illness but also due to the time spent away from the sport while they recover (Asif et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychological impact of COVID-19 infection on athletes: example of professional male football players

Lima

Denerel²,

Öz

et al. 2021

Science and Medicine in Football

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…12 Several recommendations to minimize COVID-19 risk in youth sports have been published since the onset of the pandemic by various academic organizations, public health agencies, and national sport governing bodies. 7,13,14,15,16 However, because little data is directly available for sport contexts, these recommendations are largely based on inpatient COVID-19 data, case studies, and expert opinion. 7,13,14,15,16,17 Risk mitigation recommendations vary widely and the debate around face mask use while playing sports continues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported COVID-19 Incidence in Wisconsin High School Athletes in Fall 2020

Sasser

McGuine

Haraldsdóttir

et al. 2021

Journal of Athletic Training

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(STATE-XXX = Wisconsin) ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the incidence of COVID-19 in STATE-XXX high school athletes, and to investigate the relationship of COVID-19 incidence with sport and face mask use. Design: Retrospective survey. Setting: High schools across STATE-XXX during September, 2020. Participants: Athletic directors representing 30,074 high school athletes with and without SARS-CoV-2. Independent Variables: COVID-19 rates among athletes, counties, and STATE-XXX, school instruction type (virtual vs in-person), sport type, face mask use. Main Outcome Measurements: Reported athlete case rates compared to their county's general population. Associations between COVID-19 incidence and sport type and face mask use, adjusting for each school's county incidence using multivariable negative binomial regression models. Results: COVID-19 incidence rates for 207 of 244 responding schools were 32.6 cases per 100,000 player-days. Reported case rates for athletes in each county were positively correlated with the county's general population case rates (β=1.14±0.20, r=0.60, p<0.001). One case (0.5%) was attributed to sport contact by the reporting schools. No difference was identified between team and individual sports (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.03 [95% CI=0.49–2.2], p=0.93) or between non-contact and contact sports (IRR=0.53 [0.23–1.3], p=0.14). Outdoor sports had a lower incidence rate than indoor sports, although this did not reach statistical significance (IRR=0.52 [0.26–1.1], p=0.07). There were no significant associations between COVID-19 incidence and face mask use during play for those sports with greater than 50 schools reporting on face mask use (p>0.05 for all). Conclusions: Incidence of reported COVID-19 among high school athletes was related to county incidence and most cases were attributed to non-sport contact. A lower COVID-19 incidence in outdoor sports approached statistical significance. The lack of a significant benefit of face mask use may be due to relatively low rates of COVID-19 in STATE-XXX during September 2020. Further research is needed to better define COVID-19 transmission risk factors during adolescent sport participation.

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“…Several recommendations to minimize COVID-19 risk in youth sports have been published since the onset of the pandemic by various academic organizations, public health agencies, and national sport governing bodies. 7,13,14,15,16 However, because little data is directly available for sport contexts, these recommendations are largely based on inpatient COVID-19 data, case studies, and expert opinion. Risk mitigation recommendations vary widely and the debate around facemask use while playing sports continues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported COVID-19 Incidence in Wisconsin High School Athletes During Fall 2020

Sasser

McGuine

Haraldsdóttir

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe the reported incidence of COVID-19 in Wisconsin high school athletes in September 2020, and to investigate the relationship of COVID-19 incidence with sport and face mask use. Methods: Surveys were sent to athletic directors of all Wisconsin high schools regarding sports during September 2020. The association between reported case rates in athletes in each county and the county general population were evaluated with a weighted linear model. Multivariable negative binomial regression models evaluated the associations between COVID-19 incidence and sport type and face mask use by players, adjusting for the county COVID-19 incidence for each school. Results: 207 schools that had reinitiated sport reported 270 COVID-19 cases among 30,074 players, for case and incidence rates of 809 cases per 100,000 players and 32.6 cases per 100,000 player-days, respectively. The case rates for athletes in each county were positively correlated with the case rates for their respective county general population (β=1.14±0.20, r=0.60, p<0.001). One hundred fifteen (55%) of cases were attributed to household contact, 85 (41%) to contact outside sport or school, 5 (2.4%) to school contact, and 1 (0.5%) to sport contact. No difference was identified between team and individual sports (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.03 [95% CI=0.49-2.2], p=0.93) or between non-contact and contact sports (IRR=0.53 [0.23-1.3], p=0.14), although the difference between outdoor and indoor sports approached statistical significance (IRR=0.52 [0.26-1.1], p=0.07). 84% of schools required face masks while playing. For those sports with >50 participating schools, there were no significant associations between COVID-19 incidence and face mask use in cross country (IRR=0.71 [0.2-2.2], p=0.52), football (IRR=1.6 [0.6-5.1], p=0.404), boys soccer (IRR=2.3 [0.5-17], p=0.31), or girls volleyball (IRR=1.4 [0.3-6.6], p=0.64). Conclusions: Incidence of reported COVID-19 among athletes was related to background county incidence and most cases were attributed to household and community contact. Although not statistically significant, reported COVID-19 incidence may be lower in outdoor sports. Face mask use did not have a significant benefit, which may be due to relatively low rates of COVID-19 and the small number of schools that did not report using face masks.

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Returning Athletes Back to High School Sports in the COVID-19 Era: Preparing for the Fall

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

The psychological impact of COVID-19 infection on athletes: example of professional male football players

The psychological impact of COVID-19 infection on athletes: example of professional male football players

Reported COVID-19 Incidence in Wisconsin High School Athletes in Fall 2020

Reported COVID-19 Incidence in Wisconsin High School Athletes During Fall 2020

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