Reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization in emulsion

Uzulina, Iveta; Kanagasabapathy, Subbareddy; Claverie, Jérôme P.

doi:10.1002/1521-3900(200002)150:1<33::aid-masy33>3.0.co;2-c

Cited by 111 publications

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“…More radicals can be generated during the longer lifetime of the less labile 8AA-8Sty-RAFT-C4 micelles allowing 3 mM V501 to generate sufficient flux of radicals. Since there was no additional stabilizer in the system, as particles grow each oligo-acrylic acid chain has to stabilize an area of 10-40 nm 2 . At low initiator concentrations only some of the micelles could be nucleated and grow while unentered micelles served a reservoirs (break up, migrate to stabilize newly created particle surface and grow until they are too hydrophobic to desorb).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Formation in ab Initio RAFT Mediated Emulsion Polymerization Systems

et al. 2007

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Amphiphilic, RAFT-capped, (acrylic acid) x (styrene) y diblock copolymers (x = 10, y ) 10, 5, 0) were synthesized and used as stabilizers in emulsion polymerization. Above the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the diblocks and under appropriate reaction conditions micelles of the more hydrophobic diblocks were sufficiently nonlabile to be nucleated and act as seed particles for latex particle formation. The key parameters which allow control over the system are diblock hydrophobicity and initiator concentration. A homogeneous nucleation mechanism is most likely to operate below the cmc of the diblocks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Formation in ab Initio RAFT Mediated Emulsion Polymerization Systems

et al. 2007

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“…[9] Much research has shown that the success in RAFT emulsion polymerization depends strongly on the choice of RAFT agent and polymerization conditions. [9,[175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183] Most work has focussed on styrene polymerization, [9,176,177,183] although RAFT emulsion polymerizations of BA [178] and methcrylates [9,13] have also been reported. Use of cumyl dithiobenzoate 22 as RAFT agent in ab initio emulsion polymerization of styrene is not recommended.…”

Section: Raft In Heterogeneous Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process

Moad¹,

Rizzardo²,

Thang³

2005

Aust. J. Chem.

2,147

1,894

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This paper presents a review of living radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds [ZC( S)SR] by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Since we first introduced the technique in 1998, the number of papers and patents on the RAFT process has increased exponentially as the technique has proved to be one of the most versatile for the provision of polymers of well defined architecture. The factors influencing the effectiveness of RAFT agents and outcome of RAFT polymerization are detailed. With this insight, guidelines are presented on how to conduct RAFT and choose RAFT agents to achieve particular structures. A survey is provided of the current scope and applications of the RAFT process in the synthesis of well defined homo-, gradient, diblock, triblock, and star polymers, as well as more complex architectures including microgels and polymer brushes.

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“…[30] Many [199,223] NIPAm [199,223] NIPAm [279] -CH 2 CN VAc [67] -CH 2 CO 2 H MMA [115] Sty [115,144,215] AA [248] VAc b) [144] b) [144] StySO 3 Na [235] BA [115] a) [215] StyOCOMe [240] DMAm [286] NAM [43,286] -CH 2 CO 2 Me VAc [313,328,329,333] b) [330] -CH 2 CO 2 Et MMA [115] Sty [115] BA [115] -CH 2 CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 C 6 F 13 MMA [113] Sty [113] B [113] -CH 2 CON(Me) 2 DMAm [285] -CH 2 CH 2 Ph VAc [327] VPr [327] -CH 2 CH 2 C 8 F 17 MMA [113] Sty [113] Sty [338,339] BA [338] -H MMA [116] Sty [116,192] MA [116,192] -SC(Me) 3 MMA …”

Section: Influence Of Experimental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Requirements for an Efficient Control of Free‐Radical Polymerizations via the Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Process

Favier

Charreyre

2006

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

436

347

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Summary: Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a recent and very versatile controlled radical polymerization technique that has enabled the synthesis of a wide range of macromolecules with well‐defined structures, compositions, and functionalities. The RAFT process is based on a reversible addition‐fragmentation reaction mediated by thiocarbonylthio compounds used as chain transfer agents (CTAs). A great variety of CTAs have been designed and synthesized so far with different kinds of substituents. In this review, all of the CTAs encountered in the literature from 1998 to date are reported and classified according to several criteria : i) the structure of their substituents, ii) the various monomers that they have been polymerized with, and iii) the type of polymerization that has been performed (solution, dispersed media, surface initiated, and copolymerization). Moreover, the influence of various parameters is discussed, especially the CTA structure relative to the monomer and the experimental conditions (temperature, pressure, initiation, CTA/initiator ratio, concentration), in order to optimise the kinetics and the efficiency of the molecular‐weight‐distribution control.

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Reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization in emulsion

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Particle Formation in ab Initio RAFT Mediated Emulsion Polymerization Systems

Particle Formation in ab Initio RAFT Mediated Emulsion Polymerization Systems

Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process

Experimental Requirements for an Efficient Control of Free‐Radical Polymerizations via the Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Process

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