Reversible data hiding in Standard MIDI Files by adjusting delta time values

Wu, Da-Chun; Chen, Ming‐Yao

doi:10.1007/s11042-014-2157-1

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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Section: A Comparison Of Performances With Five Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(A) Comparison of the parameter of bits per note (bpn) -Our method yields in average a bpn value of 0.628 which is inferior to three methods listed in the table, namely, [18], [22], and [23]. However, the method of [22] yields a stego-MIDI file with its size being changed after data embedding while the proposed method does not. And the two methods of [18] and [23] both do not keep the original velocity trend and so yield unnatural melodies after data embedding while the proposed method does.…”

Section: A Comparison Of Performances With Five Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…We have compared our method with five other methods proposed in [18], [21]- [23] (with two methods appearing in [21]). The data set used as the inputs to the six methods is one of those sets used in [22], which contains 27 MIDI melodies performed by the euphonium. The overall results of comparisons are listed in Table 9, from which we have four observations as follows (note: the two methods in [21] are specified as [21](a) and [21](b)).…”

Section: A Comparison Of Performances With Five Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some other studies [20]- [22] explored information hiding via MIDI files by modifying the durations of musical notes. The duration of a note is the length of time the note is played.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another durationmodifying method proposed by Adli et al [21] embeds one secret bit into the durations of two consecutive notes by using a note duration modulation scheme which adds a small value to the duration of the first note-on event and subtracts the same value from the duration of the second note-on event to embed a secret bit of '0,' or does the reverse to embed a secret bit of '1.' Wu and Chen [22] used every two adjacent non-zero delta time values as a pair for secret embedding. Specifically, the division value, which is the number of ticks per quarter note and is in a direct proportion ratio to the delta time value, in a MIDI file is shifted to the left for a fixed number N of bits, and all the delta time values in the file are shifted similarly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Steganography via MIDI Files by Adjusting Velocities of Musical Note Sequences With Monotonically Non-Increasing or Non-Decreasing Pitches

Hsiang

Chen

2019

IEEE Access

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Data hiding techniques for steganography, which embed secret data in multimedia imperceptibly, are useful for protecting information security. By taking advantage of the popularity of MIDI files on the Internet, a new data hiding method via MIDI files is proposed, which modifies the velocities of musical note sequences to embed secret data. Initially, musical note sequences with monotonic pitches, each consisting of at least three consecutive notes with pitches either entirely non-decreasing or entirely non-increasing, are found from an input MIDI file. Next, for each of such musical note sequences, a reference velocity is generated for each non-end note in the sequence by a linear interpolation scheme. Then, a number of data bits are embedded into each non-end note by adding the decimal value of the bits to or subtracting the value from the corresponding reference velocity value to yield a new velocity for the note. The new velocity value does not differ much from the original one and fits the velocity trend in the musical note sequence, so that the resulting stego-MIDI file does not yield abnormal note strengths and the musical expression is kept. Moreover, a melody humanization scheme is proposed for modifying the velocity values in strength-invariant MIDI channels to create data embeddability without producing unreasonable melodies. The original MIDI file size is also kept unchanged after data embedding, avoiding attracting attentions from hackers. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed method. Also, a comparison with five other methods show that the method has the merit of reducing the resulting melody distortion or file-size change while yielding a reasonable secret-bit embedding rate.

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Section: A Comparison Of Performances With Five Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: A Comparison Of Performances With Five Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: A Comparison Of Performances With Five Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some other studies [20]- [22] explored information hiding via MIDI files by modifying the durations of musical notes. The duration of a note is the length of time the note is played.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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